scholarly journals Visibility Predictions for Near-future Satellite Megaconstellations: Latitudes near 50° Will Experience the Worst Light Pollution

2021 ◽  
Vol 163 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Samantha M. Lawler ◽  
Aaron C. Boley ◽  
Hanno Rein
Keyword(s):  
Point Sources ◽  
Artificial Satellites ◽  
Light Pollution ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Drastic Reduction ◽  
Observational Astronomy ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Near Future ◽  
North And South

Abstract Megaconstellations of thousands to tens of thousands of artificial satellites (satcons) are rapidly being developed and launched. These satcons will have negative consequences for observational astronomy research, and are poised to drastically interfere with naked-eye stargazing worldwide should mitigation efforts be unsuccessful. Here we provide predictions for the optical brightnesses and on-sky distributions of several satcons, including Starlink, OneWeb, Kuiper, and StarNet/GW, for a total of 65,000 satellites on their filed or predicted orbits. We develop a simple model of satellite reflectivity, which is calibrated using published Starlink observations. We use this model to estimate the visible magnitudes and on-sky distributions for these satellites as seen from different places on Earth, in different seasons, and different times of night. For latitudes near 50° north and south, satcon satellites make up a few percent of all visible point sources all night long near the summer solstice, as well as near sunrise and sunset on the equinoxes. Altering the satellites’ altitudes only changes the specific impacts of the problem. Without drastic reduction of the reflectivities, or significantly fewer total satellites in orbit, satcons will greatly change the night sky worldwide.

scholarly journals Litterfall in a Scots Pine Forest on Inland Dunes in Central Europe: Mass, Seasonal Dynamics and Chemistry

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Jasińska ◽  
Piotr Sewerniak ◽  
Radosław Puchałka
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Slope Aspect ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Scots Pine Forest ◽  
North And South ◽  
Inland Dunes ◽  
Litterfall Properties ◽  
Scots Pine Stands

Extensive areas of inland dunes are commonly overplanted with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). However, thus far the pine litterfall has not been investigated in detail in Scots pine stands overgrowing the landforms. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the mass and chemical composition of litterfall in a dune Scots pine forest, paying special attention to the differences in the properties of the particular categories of litterfall (needles, twigs, bark, cones, residue) occurring in different seasons. The secondary goal of the research was to investigate the possible effect of contrasting slope aspect on litterfall properties. Litterfall was examined for three years on a north- and south-facing dune slope using the litter trap method. The mass and chemical composition (C, N, P, K, Mg, Mn, Ca, Fe, Al) of each litterfall category was analysed. Average annual mass of litterfall ranged from 322.0 ± 2.6 (slope N) to 361.9 ± 34.2 (slope S) g m−2 year−1. Fluctuations in the annual concentrations of N, P, K and Mg were determined, which was the result of their gradual withdrawal from needles before they were dropped in autumn. Immobile or poorly mobile elements (i.e., Mn, Ca, Fe and Al) were found to be steadily accumulated during the year in fallen tissues. The studied elements can be set in the following order as regards the annual pools which return to a topsoil with litterfall: C > N > Ca > K > Mg > Mn > Al > P > Fe on slope N and C > Ca > N > K > Mg > Al > P > Mn > Fe on slope S. Despite the fact that the residue (seeds etc.) constitutes a much smaller part of the total litterfall mass than the needles, comparable amounts of N, P, K, Al and Fe return to a topsoil with both these categories. The only element for which we determined differences in concentrations regarding slope aspect was Mn: the concentrations were significantly higher for needles, twigs, bark and cones on the N than the S slope.

scholarly journals An Experiment for Observing VHE Gamma Ray Sources

1987 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 553-553
Author(s):  
Y.L. Jang ◽  
C.X. He ◽  
C.X. Xu ◽  
Y.K. Yuan ◽  
Y.G. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Hebei Province ◽  
Light Pollution ◽  
Light Detection ◽  
Apparatus Design ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Atmospheric Čerenkov Technique ◽  
Cerenkov Light

An apparatus design is described. It is for detecting VHE gamma ray point sources by means of the atmospheric Cerenkov technique. Obviously, the improvement of flux sensitivity and discrimination between gamma ray and isotropic proton showers is still a key problem. Of course, it is necessary to set up more observatories and to track an object continuously with several facilities. With this in mind, we decided to develop an experiment for observing VHE gamma ray sources in China. As a first step, we will set up an apparatus which consists of three 1.5 m diameter searchlight morrors at Xinglong station of Beijing Observatory, Xinglong county, Hebei province (40°. 4N, 117°.5E, altitude 940 m). The observation will start in 1988. Then, the second apparatus will be set up at Delingha station of Purple Mountain Observatory, Delingha county, Qinghai porvince (37°.22N, altitude 3204 m). Both the sites are far from air and light pollution, and have suitable meteological condition for Cerenkov light detection as well as quite convenient facilities for transportation. Some probable technical improvements are also discussed in this paper.

Demographic Challenges for a Rising China

Daedalus ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah S. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Demographic Challenges ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Divorce Rates ◽  
Rising China ◽  
New Policies ◽  
The One ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Double Digit

Looking into the near future, China faces immense demographic challenges. Prolonged sub-replacement fertility has created irreversible conditions for rapid aging of the population, and massive migration to cities has left many villages populated by elderly farmers with no adult children to support them. Soaring divorce rates and high levels of residential dislocation have eroded family stability. To a large extent, government policies created to accelerate economic growth inadvertently fostered these demographic challenges, and now the country is facing the negative consequences of interventions that previously spurred double-digit growth. Legacies of Confucian familism initially blunted pressures on families. Filial sons and daughters sent back remittances, parents cared for migrants' children and invested in their children's marriages, and families with four grandparents, two parents, and one child (4+2+1) pooled resources to continuously improve a family's material well-being. But now the demographic challenges have further intensified and the question arises: can the state adopt new policies that will allow the prototypical 4+2+1 families created by the one-child policy to thrive through 2030?

scholarly journals The Commonwealth of Independent States: Thirty Years Together

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
D. Malyshev
Keyword(s):  
International Organization ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Commonwealth Of Independent States ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Key Events ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The article analyzes the main key events in the development of the thirty-year history of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as the main structure operating in the post-Soviet space. The main stages of the formation of the CIS as a full-fledged international organization are shown; the characteristics of its structure and statutory bodies are given. Special attention is paid to the essential aspects of the development of the CIS in 2020–2021, as well as the current state of this organization, the direction of its activities in the context of overcoming the negative consequences of the coronavirus pandemic. The possible alternatives for the development of the Commonwealth in the near future have been predicted.

scholarly journals Economy of Belarus under Conditions of Political Instability

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-81
Author(s):  
A. Shurubovich
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Political Instability ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
The West ◽  
Skilled Personnel ◽  
Economic Indices ◽  
Near Future

The article examines development of economic situation in Belarus in the period of political instability connected with the presidential elections on August 9, 2020 and mass protests against supposed falsification of their results. Condition of the Byelorussian economy on the eve of political crisis is presented including major directions of influence of this crisis on the economy; growth of financial instability, strikes at enterprises, skilled personnel drain, sanction pressure on the part of the West. It is shown that the political crisis in the RB, despite many forecasts, has not provoked so far an economic chock in the country, but in a long-term perspective it may have serious negative consequences. Therefore achievement of high economic indices projected by the country’s leadership in the near future seems highly problematic.

scholarly journals Mapping Light Pollution, a CubeSat

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anil Kumar Bheemaiah
Keyword(s):  
Imaging System ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Light Pollution ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Far Right ◽  
Delta Sleep ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Night Sky

Abstract:A key addition to the series of papers on non - lethal and reversible weapons, as a trail to peace, creating confidence through technocracy, this paper is on the design of linear light pollution monitoring satellites for combating the ugly menace of night sky pollution and towards PID roles in the creation of DSS support based on SaaS services for precision use of EMI based sleep inducing payloads in very light drones, potentially replacing inaccurate drone bombing.Keywords: PID systems, GIS, Cognitive Geography, Panoptic segmentation, Mapillary, DSS systems, SaaS, EMI Delta Sleep,LiFi, Integration filters(™).What: A dual use technology based on SaaS computing to map point sources of light pollution on the surface of the Earth with filters to distinguish stationary and moving sources. Dual use of this technology in remedying light pollution of the night sky for minimal circadian rhythm disruption and allied health disorders, and in the creation of filters for PID systems , useful in use cases, of anti insurgency strategy, with sleep weapon EMI integration as drone payloads.(Bheemaiah, n.d.)How:Light pollution is mapped using a cubesat imaging system originally developed for LiFi last mile connectivity from street lamps for 6G networking, but instead adopted on the trail-map to peace as a Peace Weapon(™) in anti insurgency strategy.Why:PID systems using moving light sources are critical in detecting insurgency across the pakistan India border, the LOC can be monitored using the above cubesat for confidence building measures as a PID system, to deter infiltration by subversives, preventing expensive disruption by infiltration of sabotage minded subversives.(“[No Title]” n.d.), Similar conflicts calling for peaceful resolution by reversible lethality is called for in technocracy, an apolitical far right strategy towards lasting peace, as endowed by K.O.D(™) or the King Of Doves(™), a symbol of peace.

scholarly journals Health-promoting properties of compounds derived from Capsicum sp. A review

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Szydełko ◽  
Magdalena Szydełko ◽  
Anna Boguszewska-Czubara
Keyword(s):  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Migration Process ◽  
Prolonged Administration ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Therapeutic Properties ◽  
High Doses ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Research Show ◽  
Proliferation And Migration

Summary This article presents multidirectional effects of capsaicin and its natural derivatives as well as natural and synthetic analogs in term of their therapeutic properties. Active agents present in various Capsicum genus plants exert analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant and gastroprotective effects. Furthermore, capsaicin positively influences the metabolism of lipids. Numerous research show that capsaicinoids inhibit proliferation and migration process of cancer cells, what makes them molecules of high interest in oncology. Among broad range of positive activities, we have focused only on those properties that have already found application in medicine or seemed to be the most probably used in the near future. Even if in low or single doses this compound has been reported successful in numerous therapies, the negative consequences of high doses or prolonged administration is also discussed in the review.

scholarly journals The Treatment of Impaired Wound Healing in Diabetes: Looking among Old Drugs

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Federica Spampinato ◽  
Grazia Ilaria Caruso ◽  
Rocco De Pasquale ◽  
Maria Angela Sortino ◽  
Sara Merlo
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Chronic Wounds ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Impaired Wound Healing ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Reparative Process ◽  
Dipeptidylpeptidase 4 ◽  
Therapeutic Alternatives ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Old Drugs

Chronic wounds often occur in patients with diabetes mellitus due to the impairment of wound healing. This has negative consequences for both the patient and the medical system and considering the growing prevalence of diabetes, it will be a significant medical, social, and economic burden in the near future. Hence, the need for therapeutic alternatives to the current available treatments that, although various, do not guarantee a rapid and definite reparative process, appears necessary. We here analyzed current treatments for wound healing, but mainly focused the attention on few classes of drugs that are already in the market with different indications, but that have shown in preclinical and few clinical trials the potentiality to be used in the treatment of impaired wound healing. In particular, repurposing of the antiglycemic agents dipeptidylpeptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors and metformin, but also, statins and phenyotin have been analyzed. All show encouraging results in the treatment of chronic wounds, but additional, well designed studies are needed to allow these drugs access to the clinics in the therapy of impaired wound healing.

Babylonian observational astronomy

1974 ◽  
Vol 276 (1257) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Astronomical Observation ◽  
Observational Astronomy ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
First Dynasty

The cuneiform texts from ancient Assyria and Babylonia that are preserved offer direct evidence for systematic astronomical observation in two widely separated periods. From the first half of the second millennium B.C., later tradition has transmitted the dates of successive Venus appearances and disappearances in the reign of a king of the First Dynasty of Babylon. From the middle of the eighth century B.C. to the middle of the first century B.C. are preserved a large number of fragments of astronomical diaries attesting extensive daily observations of naked-eye astronomical phenomena.

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