The Effect of Ultrasonic on the Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil using K/γ-Al2O3 as a Heterogeneous Catalyst

Bifunctional solid catalysts facilitate the esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) into alkyl esters alongside the transesterification reaction, which allows for the use of waste vegetable oils with high water and FFA contents for biodiesel production. This makes the process economically viable and greener, as the waste fats and oils are readily available. The concurrent esterification and transesterification of waste palm oil (WPO) and waste sunflower oil (WSO) with methanol was investigated in the presence of calcium oxide on alumina catalyst in a conventional batch process. The catalyst characterization showed the existence of calcium oxide aluminates (calcined at 750 °C), which exhibited crystalline phases with porous/spongy-like particles. The high concentration of CaO in CaO/Al2O3 was a favorable support material in the heterogeneously-catalyzed transesterification reactions. The optimum catalyst parameters for the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were observed at 65 °C for 4 h with a methanol-to-oil ratio of 9:1, 60% (waste palm oil, or WPO) and 80% (waste sunflower oil, or WSO), CaO/Al2O3 (% wt/wt) catalyst ratio as well as 4% CaO/Al2O3 concentration (% wt.) for WSO and WPO. The simultaneous esterification/transesterification reactions at optimum conditions on WPO and WSO led to high yield of FAMEs of 89, 61 and 55% for WPO and 54, 75 and 98% for WSO at catalyst ratios (wt %) of 60, 70 and 80% respectively. The use of bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst (CaO/Al2O3) with waste vegetable oil can result in high performance and the upscaling of biodiesel production.

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Free Fatty Acids Esterification on Palm Oil Sludge using Zirconia-supported Indonesia Natural Zeolite as Heterogeneous Catalyst

Oriental Journal Of Chemistry ◽

10.13005/ojc/340531 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 2464-2470

Author(s):

Arif Hidayat ◽

Bachrun Sutrisno

Keyword(s):

Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Natural Zeolite ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Oil Sludge ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Homogeneous Catalyst ◽

Renewable Energy Resources ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Porosity Analysis

Biodiesel production has been attracted more intense study because of the growing interest in finding the alternative renewable energy resources. Commonly biodiesel production is produced using refined vegetable oils as feedstocks which catalyzed by a homogeneous catalyst. However, the homogeneous catalyst has many disadvantages such as complex products separation and environmentally problem. In this research, the esterification of Palm Oil Sludge (POS) using zirconia supported Indonesia natural zeolite as a heterogeneous catalyst was studied. The POS is low feedstock price and available abundantly. The catalysts were analyzed in term of porosity analysis (Gas Sorption Analysis method), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), and FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy). The FFAs conversion as high as was 84.2% achieved at following reaction conditions: 2 h reaction time, 65°C reaction temperature, 1:10 POS to methanol mole ratio, and catalyst amount 10 wt. % of POS. The FFA conversion was decreased after three consecutive of esterification reaction.

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Characterization and Optimization of Biodiesel Produced from Palm Oil Using Acidified Clay Heterogeneous Catalyst

Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research ◽

10.9734/ajacr/2021/v8i330192 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 9-23

Author(s):

U. Onyekwelu Ijeoma ◽

T. Nwabanne Jospeh ◽

E. Onu Chijioke

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Quadratic Model ◽

Synthesis Process ◽

Process Variables

The objective of the present work is to synthesize and characterizethe production of biodiesel from palm oil. Acid activated heterogeneous catalyst was used in the synthesis process. The clay was characterized using SEM. The effect of process variables such as reaction temperature, catalyst weight and oil to alcohol ratio were investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized in the design of experiment and modeling of the biodiesel production process. The biodiesel was characterized and compared to standard properties of biodiesel. The result showed that H2SO4 activation increased the surface area of the clay. In the RSM modeling, the maximum biodiesel yield obtained was 82.99% at reaction time of 5 hours, temperature of 140oC, methanol to oil ratio of 10:1, and catalyst weight of 3.6 wt%. Quadratic model with correlation coefficient of 0.9657, best described the experimental data. The physio-chemical properties of the biodiesel synthesized were comparable to the properties of standard biodiesel. This study has shown that clay heterogeneous catalyst can be used to catalyst the synthesis of biodiesel from palm oil. The finding of this study is recommended for solving some of the challenges posed by the use of fossil fuel.

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Biodiesel production from palm oil using hydrated lime-derived CaO as a low-cost basic heterogeneous catalyst

Energy Conversion and Management ◽

10.1016/j.enconman.2015.11.036 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 108 ◽

pp. 459-467 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Wuttichai Roschat ◽

Theeranun Siritanon ◽

Boonyawan Yoosuk ◽

Vinich Promarak

Keyword(s):

Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Low Cost ◽

Hydrated Lime ◽

Biodiesel Production

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Preparation of calcium modified Zn-Ce/Al2O3 heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production through transesterification of palm oil with methanol optimized by response surface methodology

Fuel ◽

10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118986 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 284 ◽

pp. 118986 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tongxin Qu ◽

Shengli Niu ◽

Xiangyu Zhang ◽

Kuihua Han ◽

Chunmei Lu

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production

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Biodiesel production by ethanolysis of palm oil using SrO as a basic heterogeneous catalyst

Materials Today Proceedings ◽

10.1016/j.matpr.2018.02.040 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 13916-13921 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Wuttichai Roschat ◽

Sunti Phewphong ◽

Janeeya Khunchalee ◽

Preecha Moonsin

Keyword(s):

Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Biodiesel Production

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Waste Animal Bones as Catalysts for Biodiesel Production; A Mini Review

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal11050630 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 630

Author(s):

Fayaz Hussain ◽

Saad Alshahrani ◽

Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas ◽

Haris Mahmood Khan ◽

Asif Jamil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Catalytic Activity ◽

Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽

Recent Literature ◽

Catalyst Preparation ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Waste Generation ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Eu Legislation ◽

Animal Bones ◽

Disposal Cost

Slaughterhouse waste is considered to be an emerging issue because of its disposal cost. As an alternative, it would be a great prospect for the bioeconomy society to explore new usages of these leftover materials. As per food safety rules mentioned by EU legislation, all bone waste generated by slaughterhouses ought to be disposed of by rendering. The huge quantity of worldwide bone waste generation (130 billion kilograms per annum) is an environmental burden if not properly managed. The waste animal bones can be efficiently employed as a heterogeneous catalyst to produce biodiesel. This mini review summarized the recent literature reported for biodiesel generation using waste animal bones derived heterogeneous catalyst. It discusses the sources of bone waste, catalyst preparation methods, particularly calcination and its effects, and important characteristics of bones derived catalyst. It suggests that catalysts extracted from waste animal bones have suitable catalytic activity in transesterification of different oil sources to generate a good quality biodiesel.

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