scholarly journals Bifunctional Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Waste Vegetable Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samya Elias ◽  
Ademola M Rabiu ◽  
Benjamin I Okeleye ◽  
Vincent Okudoh ◽  
Oluwaseun Oyekola
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Catalyst Characterization ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil

Bifunctional solid catalysts facilitate the esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) into alkyl esters alongside the transesterification reaction, which allows for the use of waste vegetable oils with high water and FFA contents for biodiesel production. This makes the process economically viable and greener, as the waste fats and oils are readily available. The concurrent esterification and transesterification of waste palm oil (WPO) and waste sunflower oil (WSO) with methanol was investigated in the presence of calcium oxide on alumina catalyst in a conventional batch process. The catalyst characterization showed the existence of calcium oxide aluminates (calcined at 750 °C), which exhibited crystalline phases with porous/spongy-like particles. The high concentration of CaO in CaO/Al2O3 was a favorable support material in the heterogeneously-catalyzed transesterification reactions. The optimum catalyst parameters for the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were observed at 65 °C for 4 h with a methanol-to-oil ratio of 9:1, 60% (waste palm oil, or WPO) and 80% (waste sunflower oil, or WSO), CaO/Al2O3 (% wt/wt) catalyst ratio as well as 4% CaO/Al2O3 concentration (% wt.) for WSO and WPO. The simultaneous esterification/transesterification reactions at optimum conditions on WPO and WSO led to high yield of FAMEs of 89, 61 and 55% for WPO and 54, 75 and 98% for WSO at catalyst ratios (wt %) of 60, 70 and 80% respectively. The use of bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst (CaO/Al2O3) with waste vegetable oil can result in high performance and the upscaling of biodiesel production.

Comparative Evaluation of a Developed Batch Reactor Using Various Feedstock

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin N. Nwaigwe ◽  
Nnamdi V. Ogueke ◽  
Paulinus E. Ugwuoke ◽  
Emmanuel E. Anyanwu
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Fresh Vegetable ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil ◽  
Characterization Test

The performance evaluation of a developed batch reactor using beniseed oil, fresh vegetable oil, and waste vegetable oil is presented. The transesterification process was used on samples of each feedstock at different reaction temperature and time while methanol and sodium hydroxide were used as the reagent and catalyst respectively. Optimum yield obtained at 55°C and 50 minutes gave the value of 1.65 litres of biodiesel for beniseed, 1.97 litres of biodiesel for fresh vegetable palm oil and 1.81 litres of biodiesel for waste vegetable palm oil. The yield of the by product (Glycerol) was maximum at the reaction time and temperature of 70 minutes and 60°C respectively. Characterization test results showed that the produced biodiesel has similar fuel properties with the conventional diesel and agrees with the ASTM standards for biodiesel. The outcome shows that the various feedstock are good sources for biodiesel production using the developed batch reactor.

scholarly journals Ethanol-Based Biodiesel from Waste Vegetable Oil

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1 & 2) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Mary Grace M. Oliveros ◽  
Amiliza B. Baiting ◽  
Menchie G. Lumain ◽  
Maria Theresa I. Cabaraban
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil ◽  
Power Testing ◽  
Technological Analysis

Waste vegetable oil, mainly coming from frying residues, can be used as raw material to obtain a diesel fuel (biodiesel). Biodiesel, a nontoxic, biodegradable, diesel-like fuel, is an important energy alternative capable of decreasing environmental problems caused by the consumption of fossil fuels. The utilization of waste vegetable oils as raw material in biodiesel production was studied. Research was undertaken to establish the availability of used vegetable oil to supply a biodiesel process. It is intended that this work forms an academic study combined with an environmental and technological analysis of the merits of biodiesel as a sustainable fuel. Laboratory experimentation investigated the possibility of using waste vegetable oil from the local fast food chains, and potassium hydroxide as catalyst for the transesterification process. The cleaned waste vegetable oil undergoes transesterification for 4 hours, after which, the biodiesel is separated from the glycerin by gravity. Washing is necessary to remove residual catalyst or soap. Overall material balance for the process gives: 1 kg Waste Vegetable oil + 0.18 kg EtOH + 0.01 kg KOH → 0.74 kg Biodiesel + 0.44 kg Glycerin The biodiesel, in pure form (B100) and in 50% proportion (B50) with petroleum diesel, was run in an essentially unmodified Toyota 2C diesel engine. Smoke density (opacity) and CO exhaust emission both decreased with B50. However, Nox increased with B50. Fuel consumption during engine power testing is significantly greater using the biodiesel, but is also significantly reduced with B50.

scholarly journals Spectroscopic Analysis of Heterogeneous Biocatalysts for Biodiesel Production from Expired Sunflower Cooking Oil

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enoch Wembabazi ◽  
Patrick Joram Mugisha ◽  
Asumani Ratibu ◽  
Deborah Wendiro ◽  
Joseph Kyambadde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Saw Dust ◽  
Heterogeneous Biocatalysts ◽  
Egg Shells ◽  
Heterogeneous Biocatalyst

The study characterized heterogeneous biocatalyst synthesized from sucrose, saw dust, and chicken egg shells using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) technique. Acidic sulphonate (–SO3H) groups were more visible in the spectrum generated for carbonized and sulphonated sucrose than in carbonized and sulphonated saw dust. This was highlighted further by the significantly higher conversion percentage achieved for sulphonated sucrose (62.5%) than sulphonated saw dust (46.6%) during esterification of expired sunflower oil (p=0.05). The spectra for calcinated egg shells also showed that the most active form of calcium oxide was produced at calcination temperature of 1000°C. This was confirmed in the single-step transesterification reaction in which calcium oxide generated at 1000°C yielded the highest biodiesel (87.8%) from expired sunflower oil. The study further demonstrated the versatility of the FTIR technique in qualitative analysis of biodiesel and regular diesel by confirming the presence of specific characteristic peaks of diagnostic importance. These findings therefore highlight the potential of FTIR-ATR as an inexpensive, fast, and accurate diagnostic means for easy identification and characterization of different materials and products.

scholarly journals Optimisation of biodiesel production from waste vegetable oil and eggshell ash

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngoya Tshizanga ◽  
Elizabeth Funmilayo Aransiola ◽  
Oluwaseun Oyekola
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil

scholarly journals Transesterification of Low FFA Waste Vegetable Oil using Homogeneous Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production: Optimization, Kinetics and Product Stability

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 586-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.G. Al-Sakkari ◽  
S.T. El-Sheltawy ◽  
A. Soliman ◽  
I. Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Production Optimization ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Order Model ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
The Stability

The most common method of biodiesel production is base catalyzed transesterification where alkaline materials, such as potassium hydroxide, are used as a catalyst. This paper presents a study of factors affecting biodiesel production from low free fatty acids (FFA) content waste vegetable oil through base catalyzed transesterification as well as the optimum reaction conditions. The optimum conditions were found to be a time of 60 min, catalyst loading of 1% of oil mass, mixing speed of 400 rpm and temperature of 65 °C. It also introduces a kinetic study of this reaction to determine the best model to fit the experimental data. First order model was found to be the best one to fit the early reaction stages while the second order model was the best to describe reaction kinetics in later stages. The stability of produced biodiesel was studied through determination of acid value and viscosity of stored biodiesel along three months.

scholarly journals Enhanced oil recovery from palm oil mill effluent using ultrasonication technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 945 (1) ◽  
pp. 012042
Author(s):  
Y M Tang ◽  
W Y Wong ◽  
K T Tan ◽  
L P Wong
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

Abstract Palm oil is the planet’s most exploited vegetable oil. However, its extensive commercialization has resulted in massive waste, particularly palm oil mill effluent (POME), contributing to severe environmental pollution. POME has a high concentration of oil and grease (O&G) with the mean value of 4,340 mg/L, exceeding the standard discharge limit of 50 mg/L. Hence, the recovery of oil content in POME is crucial as it could be a key material in biodiesel production. The oil droplets in POME exist in two phases: floating in the supernatant and suspended in the solids. During the solvent extraction process, the oil adsorbed by the solid particles is not entirely recovered. Thus, ultrasonication-based process intensification is introduced. Ultrasonication can break apart the solid particles and release the oil content using the principle of sound waves, thereby it will eventually increase the yield of oil recovery from POME. Although some studies were done on oil extraction from POME, the use of ultrasonication technique to enhance the extraction of oil from POME has never been done. The current research work is to investigate the feasibility of using ultrasonication technique to enhance the oil recovery from POME and compare it to a non-ultrasonicated POME. Overall, this research discovered that using ultrasonication as a pre-treatment would improve oil recovery yield from POME by 39.17% as compared to non-ultrasonicated sample under the optimum ultrasonication conditions of 30% amplitude and 30 seconds duration.

Calcium oxide as a promising heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production: Current state and perspectives

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 1387-1408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalibor M. Marinković ◽  
Miroslav V. Stanković ◽  
Ana V. Veličković ◽  
Jelena M. Avramović ◽  
Marija R. Miladinović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Current State
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