scholarly journals Geohelminths: public health significance

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
pp. 005-016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suvash Chandra Ojha ◽  
Chayannan Jaide ◽  
Natini Jinawath ◽  
Porpon Rotjanapan ◽  
Pankaj Baral
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Developing Regions ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Ancylostoma Duodenale ◽  
Health Significance ◽  
Shed Light

The worldwide prevalence of geohelminths and their unique place in evolutionary biology have attracted research focus. These major soil-transmitted intestinal nematodes that cause human diseases are the nematode roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), the whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) and the two hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), often collectively referred as geohelminths. Studies of geohelminthiasis in poorly nourished children in developing regions report that geohelminths contribute to stunted growth and cognitive impairment. Insights into immunology have shed light on the modulatory role of the parasite on the host immune system and have defined the role of T cells in controlling geohelminthic infection. Recent molecular biological techniques have created an opportunity to analyse the interaction between parasites and their hosts at the molecular level. This paper is a review of the recent literature that examined the prevalence of geohelminthiasis in developing countries, the association between geohelminths in relation to public health, parasitological/diagnostic features, and therapeutic and preventive aspects of these major soil-transmitted helminth (STH) pathogens in humans.

scholarly journals Veterinarians and Public Health: Food Control in the Professionalization of Veterinarians

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. e1806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kari Tove Elvbakken
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
The State ◽  
Food Control ◽  
Health Food ◽  
Food Inspection ◽  
Core Practice ◽  
The City ◽  
Shed Light

This article explores the role of food control in the professionalization of veterinarians in Norway. Veterinarians became engaged in public health through food control and market inspection, which were the responsibility of Norway’s city boards of health from the 1860s. Food inspection served a double purpose: to ensure honest trade and to maintain the safety of food. I argue that food control, which was associated with cities’ efforts to secure public health and order, was important to the legitimacy of the veterinarian profession. This activity is not what one today sees as a core practice of veterinarians, which is the prevention and curing of animal sickness. Exploring boundary activities at the fringes of a profession, and especially activity connected to the city and the state, may shed light on the more general sources of professional influence and legitimacy in the Norwegian profession state.

scholarly journals Role of tonsillar chronic inflammation and commensal bacteria in the pathogenesis of pediatric OSA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindybeth Sarmiento Varón ◽  
Javier De Rosa ◽  
Raquel Rodriguez ◽  
Pablo M. Fernández ◽  
L. Ariel Billordo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Mucosal Tissue ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Pathological Mechanism ◽  
Prevalent Species ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Subsequent Identification ◽  
Isolated Species

AbstractImmune responses at the boundary between the host and the world beyond are complex and mucosal tissue homeostasis relies on them. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a syndrome suffered by children with hypertrophied tonsils. We uncovered a crucial role of pro-inflammatory tonsillar B and T cells in sustaining hypertrophy and hyperplasia by producing TNF and IL17, respectively. We detected prominent levels of expression of CD1d by tonsillar stratified as well as reticular epithelium, which have not previously been reported. By combining bacterial culture from the tonsillar core and subsequent identification of the respective isolates, we determined the most prevalent species within the cohort of OSA patients. Although the isolated species are considered normal oropharyngeal commensals in children, we confirmed their capacity to breach the epithelial barrier. Our work shed light on the pathological mechanism underlying OSA, highlighting the relevance taken by the host immune system when defining infection versus colonization.

Epidemiology and Social Determinants of Global Health as the Basis for Education and Research

2018 ◽  
pp. 61-80
Author(s):  
Fabienne Laraque ◽  
Omolara Thomas Uwemedimo
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Childhood Health ◽  
Standard Data ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
Health Significance ◽  
Key Indicators ◽  
Effective Use

This chapter describes the importance of using standard data for decision-making at local and national levels on reportable diseases and conditions of public health significance. In addition, the chapter will provide an overview of the use of data to monitor interventions and detect outbreaks and emerging conditions. Lastly, this chapter will cover the importance of data, data sources, key indicators of childhood health, the role of millennium and sustainable goals, and training needs. In all health care settings, whether population based or institution specific, the importance of effective use of data for planning and monitoring cannot be overstated. Implementing interventions and programs, even those that are evidence based, without the benefit of a local needs assessment and continuous data monitoring may not succeed due to erroneous targeting and inability to monitor progress. To ensure that public health and clinical programs are targeted to the setting and population in which they will be implemented, standard data collection and analysis is critical. The use of standard indicators allows for comparison across countries or regions.

scholarly journals The evolution of multicellular complexity: the role of relatedness and environmental constraints

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Fisher ◽  
JZ Shik ◽  
JJ Boomsma
Keyword(s):  
Physical Environment ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Environmental Constraints ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Slime Moulds ◽  
The Many ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractA major challenge in evolutionary biology has been to explain the variation in multicellularity across the many independently evolved multicellular lineages, from slime moulds to humans. Social evolution theory has highlighted the key role of relatedness in determining multicellular complexity and obligateness, however there is a need to extend this to a broader perspective incorporating the role of the environment. In this paper, we formally test Bonner’s 1998 hypothesis that the environment is crucial in determining the course of multicellular evolution, with aggregative multicellularity evolving more frequently on land and clonal multicellularity more frequently in water. Using a combination of scaling theory and phylogenetic comparative analyses, we describe multicellular organisational complexity across 139 species spanning 14 independent transitions to multicellularity and investigate the role of the environment in determining multicellular group formation and in imposing constraints on multicellular evolution. Our results, showing that the physical environment has impacted the way in which multicellular groups form, could shed light on the role of the environment for other major evolutionary transitions.

scholarly journals Fighting microbial drug resistance: a primer on the role of evolutionary biology in public health

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel G. Perron ◽  
R. Fredrik Inglis ◽  
Pleuni S. Pennings ◽  
Sarah Cobey
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Microbial Drug Resistance

A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Shazia Iqbal ◽  
Shahzad Ahmad ◽  
Bushra Bano ◽  
Khalid Akkour ◽  
Manal Abdullah Ali Alghamdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Public Health Professionals

Certainty, artificial intelligence (AI) has a remarkable role in the control of the COVID-19 pandemic globally. This review article aimed to determine the outcomes/benefits associated with the use of artificial intelligence during the COVID-19 pandemic in different specialties in healthcare. Out of 144 articles, 100 publish article abstracts were reviewed using keywords artificial intelligence, intelligent health systems during COVID-19 pandemic, medical education. This review determined that artificial intelligence has a significant role in predicting the spread of disease by chasing the infected population and can prove as a powerful tool for public health professionals. There is a remarkable role of AI-assisted diagnostic features in radiology to specifically diagnose infected cases with COVID-19. AI assists in taking quicker decision making among health professionals through AI operated apps.This review highlights the need for future research which should emphasize determining the effectiveness and challenges of the use of robotics during pandemics.

The Role of Zinc in Thyroid Hormones Metabolism

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 80-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Soares Severo ◽  
Jennifer Beatriz Silva Morais ◽  
Taynáh Emannuelle Coelho de Freitas ◽  
Ana Letícia Pereira Andrade ◽  
Mayara Monte Feitosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Zinc Transporters ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Metabolic Adaptations ◽  
Serum T3 ◽  
Regulatory Effects ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract. Thyroid hormones play an important role in body homeostasis by facilitating metabolism of lipids and glucose, regulating metabolic adaptations, responding to changes in energy intake, and controlling thermogenesis. Proper metabolism and action of these hormones requires the participation of various nutrients. Among them is zinc, whose interaction with thyroid hormones is complex. It is known to regulate both the synthesis and mechanism of action of these hormones. In the present review, we aim to shed light on the regulatory effects of zinc on thyroid hormones. Scientific evidence shows that zinc plays a key role in the metabolism of thyroid hormones, specifically by regulating deiodinases enzymes activity, thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) synthesis, as well as by modulating the structures of essential transcription factors involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Serum concentrations of zinc also appear to influence the levels of serum T3, T4 and TSH. In addition, studies have shown that Zinc transporters (ZnTs) are present in the hypothalamus, pituitary and thyroid, but their functions remain unknown. Therefore, it is important to further investigate the roles of zinc in regulation of thyroid hormones metabolism, and their importance in the treatment of several diseases associated with thyroid gland dysfunction.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document