The Role of Zinc in Thyroid Hormones Metabolism

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 80-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Soares Severo ◽  
Jennifer Beatriz Silva Morais ◽  
Taynáh Emannuelle Coelho de Freitas ◽  
Ana Letícia Pereira Andrade ◽  
Mayara Monte Feitosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Zinc Transporters ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Metabolic Adaptations ◽  
Serum T3 ◽  
Regulatory Effects ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract. Thyroid hormones play an important role in body homeostasis by facilitating metabolism of lipids and glucose, regulating metabolic adaptations, responding to changes in energy intake, and controlling thermogenesis. Proper metabolism and action of these hormones requires the participation of various nutrients. Among them is zinc, whose interaction with thyroid hormones is complex. It is known to regulate both the synthesis and mechanism of action of these hormones. In the present review, we aim to shed light on the regulatory effects of zinc on thyroid hormones. Scientific evidence shows that zinc plays a key role in the metabolism of thyroid hormones, specifically by regulating deiodinases enzymes activity, thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) synthesis, as well as by modulating the structures of essential transcription factors involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Serum concentrations of zinc also appear to influence the levels of serum T3, T4 and TSH. In addition, studies have shown that Zinc transporters (ZnTs) are present in the hypothalamus, pituitary and thyroid, but their functions remain unknown. Therefore, it is important to further investigate the roles of zinc in regulation of thyroid hormones metabolism, and their importance in the treatment of several diseases associated with thyroid gland dysfunction.

scholarly journals SERUM CONCENTRATION OF THYROID HORMONES AND THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE IN ALLOXAN-INDUCED TYPE 1 DIABETIC WISTAR ALBINO RATS

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 112-116
Author(s):  
Sher Zamir ◽  
Azhar Ijaz ◽  
Muhammad Umair ◽  
Rahat Jan Wazir ◽  
Mohammad Salman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Serum T3 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Mean Concentration

Background: Literature has reported thyroid functional abnormalities in diabetes mellitus. The objectives of this study were to determine and compare the serum concentrations of T3, T4 and TSH in alloxan-induced type 1 diabetic and control Wistar albino rats. Materials & Methods: It was an experimental animal study on 20 Wistar albino rats, extending over a period of eight weeks. Alloxan, a diabetogenic agent, was used to produce animal models of type 1 diabetes. Animals were divided equally into two groups: control and diabetic. The animals in the diabetic group were injected intraperitoneally with 150 mg/kg body weight of 10% alloxan to induce diabetes. After 72 hours, diabetes was confirmed with glucometer (glucose >350mg/dl). During the course of experiment, one rat in control group and 2 rats in diabetic group died. Blood was collected for estimation of serum concentrations of thyroid hormones, thyroid stimulating hormone at the end of experimental period. Serum T3, T4, and TSH were measured using ELISA kits. Results: At the end of eight weeks, the mean concentration of serum T3 was 0.69 ±0.29 ng/ml and 0.44±0.02 ng/ml in control and diabetic groups, respectively. The mean concentration of T4 was 3.78±1.16 μg/dl and 2.24±0.86 μg/dl in control and diabetic groups respectively. The mean concentration of TSH was 0.77±0.20 μU/ml and 1.41±0.23 μU/ml in control and diabetic groups respectively. The mean serum concentrations of T3 (p=.0025) and T4 (p=<.00001) were significantly lower in diabetic and that of TSH (p=<.00001) were significantly higher in diabetic than control group. Conclusion: This study concludes that the serum concentrations of both T3 and T4 are significantly lower and that of TSH is significantly higher in alloxan-induced type 1 diabetic as compared to control group in Wistar albino rats.

scholarly journals Associations between the thyroid panel and serum protein concentrations across pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Lisowska-Myjak ◽  
Agnieszka Strawa ◽  
Hanna Zborowska ◽  
Artur Jakimiuk ◽  
Ewa Skarżyńska
Keyword(s):  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serum Parameters ◽  
Active Regulation ◽  
Potential Use

AbstractEstablishing any characteristic associations between the serum parameters of thyroid function and serum proteins in pregnancy may aid in elucidating the role of the thyroid gland in the regulation of pregnancy-specific metabolic processes and in selecting candidate biomarkers for use in their clinical assessment. Concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free tri-iodothyronine (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4), six electrophoretically separated protein fractions (albumin, alpha-1-, alpha2-, beta-1-, beta-2- and gamma-globulins), representative proteins—albumin (ALB), transferrin (TRF), alpha-2-macroglobulin (AMG) and ceruloplasmin (CER) were measured in 136 serum samples from 65 women in their consecutive trimesters of pregnancy. The concentrations of TSH, fT4 and fT3 were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with the concentrations of the albumin, alpha-2- and beta-1 globulin fractions. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) which were positive between fT4 and ALB and negative between fT4 and TRF were established throughout pregnancy. Significant negative correlations (p < 0.05) were demonstrated for fT3 with alpha-2-globulin, AMG and CER. Changes in the serum concentrations of thyroid hormones seen between the trimesters were found to correlate with the concentrations of high-abundance serum proteins. Opposite directions of correlations between fT4 and ALB and fT4 and TRF observed throughout pregnancy may indicate the shared biological role of these parameters in maintaining maternal homeostasis and they suggest their potential use in the clinic as a simple biomarker panel. A negative correlation of fT3 with CER in the second trimester possibly reflects their involvement in the active regulation of metabolic processes.

scholarly journals Thyroid Hormones and Functional Ovarian Reserve: Systemic vs. Peripheral Dysfunctions

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Colella ◽  
Danila Cuomo ◽  
Antonia Giacco ◽  
Massimo Mallardo ◽  
Mario De Felice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Endocrine Disruptors ◽  
Ovarian Reserve ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
The Relationship

Thyroid hormones (THs) exert pleiotropic effects in different mammalian organs, including gonads. Genetic and non-genetic factors, such as ageing and environmental stressors (e.g., low-iodine intake, exposure to endocrine disruptors, etc.), can alter T4/T3 synthesis by the thyroid. In any case, peripheral T3, controlled by tissue-specific enzymes (deiodinases), receptors and transporters, ensures organ homeostasis. Conflicting reports suggest that both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, assessed by mean of circulating T4, T3 and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), could affect the functionality of the ovarian reserve determining infertility. The relationship between ovarian T3 level and functional ovarian reserve (FOR) is poorly understood despite that the modifications of local T3 metabolism and signalling have been associated with dysfunctions of several organs. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge on the role of TH signalling and its crosstalk with other pathways in controlling the physiological and premature ovarian ageing and, finally, in preserving FOR. We will consider separately the reports describing the effects of circulating and local THs on the ovarian health to elucidate their role in ovarian dysfunctions.

Meal-induced brown fat thermogenesis and thyroid hormone metabolism in rats

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (5) ◽  
pp. E519-E524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Glick ◽  
S. Y. Wu ◽  
J. Lupien ◽  
R. Reggio ◽  
G. A. Bray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Hormone Metabolism ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Metabolism ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Bat Mitochondria ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Serum T3 ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between the meal-induced increase in brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis, determined by the level of GDP binding to BAT mitochondria, and thyroid hormone metabolism have been examined. A single low-protein, high-carbohydrate meal resulted in a significant increase in the thermogenic activity of BAT. This effect on BAT thermogenesis was accompanied by significant increases in activity of thyroxine 5'-monodeiodinase in the BAT (P less than 0.05) and liver (P less than 0.02) but not with any significant changes in serum concentrations of the thyroid hormones. The stimulatory effects of the meal on BAT thermogenesis and hepatic thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) conversion persisted at least as late as 24 h after meal onset. Food deprivation for 40 h was associated with large reductions in serum concentrations of T3 (P less than 0.01) and T4 (P less than 0.001), but deprivation for 18 h had no significant effect on serum T3 and T4 concentrations. Our data indicate that the meal-induced increase in BAT thermogenesis can be independent from changes in serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and suggest that T3 produced in BAT in response to feeding may play a role in the thermic response of this tissue to meals.

Thyroid hormones in fibrocystic breast disease

1995 ◽  
Vol 132 (6) ◽  
pp. 673-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Martinez ◽  
Jose A Castilla ◽  
Teresa Gil ◽  
Jorge Molina ◽  
José L Alarcón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate ◽  
Breast Disease ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Breast Cyst Fluid ◽  
Fibrocystic Breast Disease

Martinez L, Castilla JA, Gil T, Molina J, Alarcón JL, Marcos C, Herruzo A. Thyroid hormones in fibrocystic breast disease. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;132:673–6. ISSN 0804–4643 This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of thyroid hormones in fibrocystic breast disease. The concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), free T4 and free triiodothyronine (T3) were determined in serum of 50 women with fibrocystic breast disease without macrocysts (cysts of over 3 mm diameter) and in the serum and breast cyst fluid (BCF) of 60 women with fibrocystic breast disease and macrocysts. Possible relationships between thyroid hormones and estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, testosterone, progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in the BCF also were analyzed. Serum thyroid hormone levels did not differ between the two groups. Free T3 levels were higher in BCF than in serum (p < 0.001), whereas T4, free T4 and TSH concentrations were lower in BCF as compared to serum (p < 0.001). Cysts were divided according to their K+/Na+ ratio because a ratio above 3 represents a predictor of malignant transformation. Free T3 concentrations were higher in BCF than in serum, in both low K+/Na+ cysts and in cysts with a K+/ Na+ ratio above 3; those cysts with a high K+/Na+ ratio had the highest free T3 concentration. Free T3 in cysts correlated positively to the K+/Na+ ratio (r = 0.831; p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that the concentration of free T3 in BCF was predicted statistically by the positive regression coefficient for the estradiol concentration. No candidate variable was included in the model to predict concentrations of TSH, free T4 or T4 in BCF. These data suggest an important role of free T3 in the physiology of fibrocystic breast disease. Alfonso Herruzo, Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Hospital Regional "Virgen de las Nieves", 18014 Granada, Spain

scholarly journals INTERRELATIONSHIP OF THYROID HORMONES, OBESITY, AND PROLACTIN IN INFERTILE WOMEN

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Juhi Kataria ◽  
Gurpreet Kaur Gill ◽  
Manbir Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Infertile Women ◽  
Serum T3 ◽  
Work Up ◽  
Hormone Imbalance

  Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the level of thyroid hormones, namely, triidothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and prolactin in blood serum of infertile women with normal healthy subjects in Amritsar region of Punjab, India. A number of complications arise from the dysfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, which leads to the hormonal disturbances in female reproductive system. Certain disorders such as obesity and thyroid hormone imbalance are highly prevalent and lead to various complications in pregnancy such as polycystic ovary syndrome. These disorders lead to the infertility and ultimately constitute a major physiological stress. A multidimensional diagnostic approach is imperative in evaluating these disorders. In the present study, the association between thyroid hormones and prolactin has been reviewed in infertile women which is a prerequisite to work up for infertility in Punjab.Methods: Hemoglobin levels were estimated in the blood serum of healthy controls and infertile women by the method of Sahli. The levels of serum T3, T4, TSH, and prolactin were determined by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay using Cobas e 411 analyzer according to the instruction manual.Results: Majority of infertile women were found to have hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinemia which can be correlated with infertility. This condition might respond to the treatment for their hormonal and prolactin levels, and fertility can be restored.Conclusion: The measurement of TSH and prolactin should be done at an early stage of infertility rather than more invasive procedures involved in the treatment of infertility in women.

scholarly journals New insights into the pathological development of dyslipidemia in patients with hypothyroidism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Su ◽  
Xiang Chen ◽  
Hua Peng ◽  
Jingjin Song ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
The Status ◽  
Pathological Development

According to the previous reports, hypothyroidism has been shown to be strongly correlated with increased circulating concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG). Notably, thyroid hormones  are confirmed to modulate the production, clearance, and transformation process of cholesterol within circulation of mammals. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that the thyroid-stimulating hormone could also participate in modulating serum lipid metabolism independently of thyroid hormones, which further induces the pathological development of dyslipidemia. However, the underlying mechanism is still not fully elucidated. Recently, several research studies have demonstrated that the pathogenic progression of hypothyroidism-related dyslipidemia might be correlated with the decreased serum concentrations of thyroid hormones and the increased serum concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormones. Thus, this indicates that hypothyroidism could induce dyslipidemia and its related cardio-metabolic disorder diseases. In addition, several newly identified modulatory biomarkers, such as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTLs), and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), might play an important role in the regulation of dyslipidemia induced by hypothyroidism. Furthermore, under the status of hypothyroidism, significantly dysfunctional HDL particles could also be observed. In the current review, we summarized the recent knowledge of the relationship between the development of hypothyroidism with dyslipidemia. We also discussed the updated understanding of the mechanisms whereby hypothyroidism induces the risk and the development of dyslipidemia and cardio-metabolic diseases. 

scholarly journals Study on Serum Levels of Thyroid Hormones and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone in Different Trimester of Normal Pregnancy

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Zinat Begum ◽  
Rezina Akhtar Banu ◽  
TH Zahra Moon Moon
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Serum T3 ◽  
Serum T4 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

Objective: The present study was conducted to study the changes in serum levels of thyroid hormones and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in different trimesters of normal pregnancy. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Rangpur Medical College Hospital over a period 1 year from July 2008 to June 2009. Apparently healthy pregnant women aged between 20 - 35 years were consecutively included in the study. Patients suffering from thyroid disorders or any other systemic diseases and lactating mothers were excluded from the study. A total of 100 subjects - 75 pregnant women (25 selected from each trimester of pregnancy) and 25 non-pregnant women were purposively selected as case and control groups respectively. Result: The mean age was almost identically distributed between the two groups (23.8 ± 3.9 vs. 24.9 ±4.6, p = 0.343). Lower class patient was predominant in case and control group (68% vs. 64%, p =0.756). The mean serum T3 level was higher in case group compared to control group. The mean serum T3 level was identically distributed in 1st and 3rd trimester (p = 0.536 and p = 0.145 respectively) but significant difference was found in 2nd trimester (p = 0.001). The mean serum T4 level of control group did not experience any change throughout the whole observation period. The serum T4 level was 210 nmol/L at 1st trimester then it began to increase almost a plateau at 2nd   trimester and then gradually dropped 232.2 nmol/L at third trimester. The mean serum TSH level was 1.1 mIU/L at 1st trimester then it began to increase sharply assumed a mean score 1.3 mIU/L at 2nd trimester. From 2nd trimester onwards it began to decrease upto the end of observation when no change in the non-pregnant women in 1st, 2nd & 3rd trimester. Conclusion: Thyroid hormones (T3, T4) increase in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy and fall again in the 3rdtrimester but TSH does not experience any significant change throughout the pregnancy. Ibrahim Cardiac Med J 2012; 2(2): 19-23

scholarly journals Glycosylation in the Thyroid Gland: Vital Aspects of Glycoprotein Function in Thyrocyte Physiology and Thyroid Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Ząbczyńska ◽  
Kamila Kozłowska ◽  
Ewa Pocheć
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Thyroid Autoimmunity ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Metabolic Clearance ◽  
Sodium Iodide Symporter ◽  
Hormone Synthesis ◽  
Iodide Transport

The key proteins responsible for hormone synthesis in the thyroid are glycosylated. Oligosaccharides strongly affect the function of glycosylated proteins. Both thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted by the pituitary gland and TSH receptors on the surface of thyrocytes contain N-glycans, which are crucial to their proper activity. Thyroglobulin (Tg), the protein backbone for synthesis of thyroid hormones, is a heavily N-glycosylated protein, containing 20 putative N-glycosylated sites. N-oligosaccharides play a role in Tg transport into the follicular lumen, where thyroid hormones are produced, and into thyrocytes, where hyposialylated Tg is degraded. N-glycans of the cell membrane transporters sodium/iodide symporter and pendrin are necessary for iodide transport. Some changes in glycosylation result in abnormal activity of the thyroid and alteration of the metabolic clearance rate of hormones. Alteration of glycan structures is a pathological process related to the progression of chronic diseases such as thyroid cancers and autoimmunity. Thyroid carcinogenesis is accompanied by changes in sialylation and fucosylation, β1,6-branching of glycans, the content and structure of poly-LacNAc chains, as well as O-GlcNAcylation, while in thyroid autoimmunity the main processes affected are sialylation and fucosylation. The glycobiology of the thyroid gland is an intensively studied field of research, providing new data helpful in understanding the role of the sugar component in thyroid protein biology and disorders.

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