scholarly journals Low prevalences of HIV infection and HSV genital shedding in the general adult female population in Senegal

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1272-1276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silman Diawara ◽  
Laurent Bélec ◽  
Ahmadou Dem ◽  
Seydou Mbaye ◽  
Halimatou Diop Ndiaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Melting Curve ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
Melting Curve Analysis ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Genital Shedding ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

Introduction: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the main co-factor for heterosexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in sub-Saharan Africa, and could be involved in the dynamics of the HIV epidemic in Senegal. Methodology: Genital shedding of HSV was evaluated in adult females who had visited the provincial healthcare centres in Diass, Louga, and Kebemer in Senegal. Study subjects were interviewed by a healthcare worker for sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behavior, and HIV serology was offered. In addition, cervical secretion lavage samples were evaluated for HSV DNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the melting curve analysis of which permitted distinction between HSV type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV type 2 (HSV-2). Results: Among 302 women (mean age, 40 years) enrolled, none were infected by HIV. The mean age at first sexual intercourse was 20 years, and the mean number of sexual partners in the previous year was 1.3 (range, 1–7). Only 6 of 302 (1.9%) women had cervico-vaginal secretions positive for HSV DNA. No association between HSV DNA shedding and any sociodemographic or biological variables was found. Surprisingly, genital shedding of HSV-1 was found in two (0.7%) women, representing 33% of herpes-shedding women, and HSV-2 in four (1.5%) women. Conclusions: Taken together, our observations indicate a low prevalence of HSV DNA genital shedding in adult Senegalese women.

scholarly journals Efficiency of Reconstitution of Immunoglobulin G from Blood Specimens Dried on Filter Paper and Utility in Herpes Simplex Virus Type-Specific Serology Screening

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1338-1342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne R. Hogrefe ◽  
Carolyn Ernst ◽  
Xin Su
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT The performance of studies using sera from remote locations is greatly facilitated if whole-blood samples dried on filter paper are shown to be compatible with the serologic assay being employed. Since dried blood samples do not require immediate refrigeration, occupy little space, and are easily transported, they may be used for evaluating the seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 in geographic locations where laboratory resources are limited. We evaluated the utility of dried blood samples for the detection of type-specific HSV antibodies. The efficiency of using immunoglobulin G (IgG) eluted from dried blood samples was found to be consistent with measurement of IgG concentrations in most corresponding serum samples. The ratio of the mean IgG concentration for all dried blood samples to the mean IgG concentration for the corresponding sera was 1:29. When the 1:29 ratio was applied to each of the 22 pairs of samples, there was a deviation of less than 15% between concentrations in the dried blood sample and in the corresponding serum sample in 19 of the pairs. No positive or negative bias was detected for the IgG eluted from dried blood. The presence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies was determined in the paired dried blood and serum samples, and no differences in the HSV serostatuses were detected for 43 of the 44 pairs. One pair's serostatus varied, with the serum sample being weakly positive for HSV-1 and the dried blood sample results being equivocal. The detection of HSV antibodies was generally consistent for dried blood samples stored frozen for over 1 year or at room temperature for 30 days, although decreased reactivities were found in a few samples.

Unexpected high prevalence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 seropositivity and HSV genital shedding in pregnant women living in an East Paris suburban area

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 593-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérôme LeGoff ◽  
Elodie Saussereau ◽  
Marie-Christine Boulanger ◽  
Cécile Chemin ◽  
Ali Si-Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Suburban Area ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Epidemiological Changes ◽  
Genital Shedding ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

Both herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) seroprevalence and the proportion of HSV-1 genital ulcers are increasing in industrialized countries. The consequences of these epidemiological changes, in pregnant women in France, for both the genital shedding of HSV and vertical transmission, have been poorly evaluated. The HSV-1 and HSV-2 seroprevalence and the rate of subclinical genital shedding of herpes close to delivery were evaluated in pregnant women, with no history of genital herpes, living in the East Paris suburban area. HSV-2 antibody prevalence of 26% was significantly associated with country of origin and was higher than that reported in 2002 in French women from the general population (18%). HSV-2 and HSV-1 genital reactivations were observed in 10% of HSV-2 seropositive and in 4% of HSV-1 seropositive and HSV-2 seronegative women, respectively. The high rates of HSV-2 seropositivity and subclinical herpes genital shedding observed in this study should be considered to promote a national survey in pregnant women to propose strategies to prevent the spread of HSV within the population and to the neonate.

scholarly journals Detection of Herpes Simplex and Varicella-Zoster Virus in Clinical Specimens by Multiplex Real-Time PCR and Melting Curve Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Ji Hong ◽  
Mi Suk Lim ◽  
Sang Mee Hwang ◽  
Taek Soo Kim ◽  
Kyoung Un Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Melting Curve ◽  
Curve Analysis ◽  
Melting Curve Analysis ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Hsv 1

Herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) are common agents resulting in various forms of clinical manifestation from skin vesicle to disseminated viral infection. The aim of the present study was to develop a real-time PCR and melting curve analysis which detect and differentiate HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV, to compare with PCR-RFLP using clinical specimens, and to introduce the 4-year experience in the clinical laboratory. Three pairs of primers for HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV were designed. Primers for human endogenous retrovirus-3 (HERV-3), an internal control, were adopted. A hundred selected specimens and many clinical specimens were tested for methods comparison and assay validation. Increased sensitivity and specificity were obtained from real-time PCR. In review of results of clinical specimens submitted to clinical laboratory, a total of 46 of 3,513 specimens were positive in cerebrospinal fluids, blood, skin vesicles, genital swabs, aqueous humor, and ear discharge. Thus, this method could be a rapid and accurate alternative to virus culture and other molecular tests for detection and typing of HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV.

scholarly journals HSV-1/HSV-2 Infection-Related Cancers in Bantu Populations Driving HIV-1 Prevalence in Africa: Tracking the Origin of AIDS at the Onset of the 20th Century

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 815-825
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Le Goaster ◽  
Patrice Bouree ◽  
Franck N. El Sissy ◽  
Florence Phuong Bui ◽  
Johanna Pokossy Epee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Hsv 1

Introduction: At the onset of the 20th century, ancient clinical observations of cancer epidemics in Bantu populations of Sub-Saharan Africa were discovered. They were reported from 1914 to 1960, but remained unexplained. In 1983, in San Francisco, Calif., USA, cancer epidemics were related to infections by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) known as AIDS disease. Yet since 1996, it is known that HIV-1 strains are not the only ones involved. In Sub-Saharan Africa, recurrent orobuccal herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and genital recurrent herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) appeared many times prior to infection by HIV-1. Case Reports: Data on these ancient medical observations regarding African cancer epidemics can today be referred to as the relationship between the unfortunate immune deficiency of herpes in Bantu populations and HIV-1 viral strains. For centuries, the Bantu populations dispersed in forests were living in close proximity to chimpanzees infected by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and were exposed to SIV contamination which became HIV-1 in human beings. Presently, these unexplained Bantu cancer epidemics can be linked to the viral partnership of HSV-1/HSV-2 to HIV-1 strains. Conclusion: The key issue is now to prevent HSV-1/HSV-2 diseases related to HIV-1. An anti-herpes treatment administered early during childhood to Bantu populations will offer a mean of preventing herpes diseases related to HIV-1 infection and hence avoid cancer epidemics.

scholarly journals Time-Resolved Fluorometry PCR Assay for Rapid Detection of Herpes Simplex Virus in Cerebrospinal Fluid

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 3214-3218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veijo Hukkanen ◽  
Tiina Rehn ◽  
Ritva Kajander ◽  
Minna Sjöroos ◽  
Matti Waris
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Short Oligonucleotide ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

We have introduced a time-resolved fluorometry (TRF)-based microwell hybridization assay for PCR products in detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens. TRF is a sensitive nonradioactive detection technique which involves the use of lanthanide chelates as fluorescent labels. We used PCR primers from the glycoprotein D genes of HSV type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2. The biotinylated PCR products were collected on streptavidin-coated microtitration wells and hybridized with short oligonucleotide probes, europium labeled for HSV-1 and samarium labeled for HSV-2. The TRF results were obtained as counts per second and as signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios. The sensitivity of the assay was 0.1 infectious units (PFU) of HSV in CSF specimens, and the S/N values increased with the virus amount, up to 68.5 for 103 PFU of HSV-1 and to 58.5 for 103 PFU of HSV-2, allowing semiquantitation of HSV in CSF. The primers and probes recognized all the studied 48 HSV wild-type samples, with S/N ratios of 12.4 to 190 (HSV-1) and 5.1 to 248 (HSV-2). We tested CSF specimens, 100 for each HSV type, which were HSV PCR negative by Southern blot and 22 CSF specimens which were HSV-1 or -2 PCR blot positive. In the TRF test, the mean S/N ratio for the HSV-1-negative CSF was 1.37 (standard deviation [SD] = 0.513) and for the HSV-2-negative CSF it was 1.03 (SD = 0.098). The HSV-1 blot-positive CSF yielded S/N ratios of 3.6 to 85.9, and the HSV-2 blot-positive CSF yielded ratios from 1.9 to 13. Using the mean S/N ratio for negative CSF specimens + 3 SD as the cutoff yielded all the previously HSV-positive specimens as TRF positive. The TRF PCR assay for HSV in CSF specimens is a rapid and sensitive method, improves interpretation of PCR results, and is well suited for automation.

Relationship of Antibody to Outcome in Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections

1980 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 532-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne S. Yeager ◽  
Ann M. Arvin ◽  
Lenore J. Urbani ◽  
John A. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Recurrent Infections ◽  
Neutralization Titer ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

Neutralizing antibody titers to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 were measured at birth in normal infants and uninfected infants of mothers with genital HSV infections during pregnancy and at the onset of infection in 5 infants with mild infections and 11 infants with severe infections. Thirty-eight percent of premature and 29% of term infants had neutralization titers of <1:5. High titers ([unk]1:40) were found in 55% of infants of mothers with primary infections during pregnancy and in 76% of infants of mothers with recurrent infections. The mean titers to HSV-1 and -2 in 5 infected infants with mild infections were 1:56 and 1:65 at the time of onset of infection, whereas the mean titers in 11 infants with severe infections were 1:11 and 1:12. Six natally exposed infants who remained asymptomatic were also studied and had a mean titer to HSV-1 of 1:85 and to HSV-2 of 1:69. Therefore, infants with high titers of transplacentally derived antibody had a more favorable outcome than infants with lower titers. Ninety-five percent of the infants of mothers with recurrent infections had a Rawls index of more than 85, suggesting that the antibody response was to HSV-2. However, low levels of antibody with this type specificity failed to protect four infants from infection with HSV-2. Augmentation of the neutralization titer to HSV-2 by the amount of complement present in cord serum was less than twofold. The study suggests that the quantity of antibody derived transplacentally affects the outcome of infection after natal exposure to herpes simplex virus. Complete neutralization of virus by antibody may occur in some infants, and prolongation of the incubation period and modification of the infection may occur in others.

scholarly journals Exploring the Nuclear Envelope of Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Infected Cells by High-Resolution Microscopy

2008 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 408-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Wild ◽  
Claudia Senn ◽  
Céline L. Manera ◽  
Esther Sutter ◽  
Elisabeth M. Schraner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Nuclear Pore ◽  
Nuclear Pores ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT Herpesviruses are composed of capsid, tegument, and envelope. Capsids assemble in the nucleus and exit the nucleus by budding at the inner nuclear membrane, acquiring tegument and the envelope. This study focuses on the changes of the nuclear envelope during herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infection in HeLa and Vero cells by employing preparation techniques at ambient and low temperatures for high-resolution scanning and transmission electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Cryo-field emission scanning electron microscopy of freeze-fractured cells showed for the first time budding of capsids at the nuclear envelope at the third dimension with high activity at 10 h and low activity at 15 h of incubation. The mean number of pores was significantly lower, and the mean interpore distance and the mean interpore area were significantly larger than those for mock-infected cells 15 h after inoculation. Forty-five percent of nuclear pores in HSV-1-infected cells were dilated to more than 140 nm. Nuclear material containing capsids protrude through them into the cytoplasm. Examination of in situ preparations after dry fracturing revealed significant enlargements of the nuclear pore diameter and of the nuclear pore central channel in HSV-1-infected cells compared to mock-infected cells. The demonstration of nucleoporins by confocal microscopy also revealed fewer pores but focal enhancement of fluorescence signals in HSV-1-infected cells, whereas Western blots showed no loss of nucleoporins from cells. The data suggest that infection with HSV-1 alters the number, size, and architecture of nuclear pores without a loss of nucleoporins from altered nuclear pore complexes.

scholarly journals The Product of the Herpes Simplex Virus 2 UL16 Gene Is Critical for the Egress of Capsids from the Nuclei of Infected Cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 91 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Gao ◽  
Thomas J. M. Hay ◽  
Bruce W. Banfield
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Parental Virus ◽  
Virus Propagation ◽  
Nuclear Egress ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT The herpes simplex virus (HSV) UL16 gene is conserved throughout the Herpesviridae and encodes a poorly understood tegument protein. The HSV-1 UL16 protein forms complexes with several viral proteins, including UL11, gE, VP22, and UL21. We previously demonstrated that HSV-2 UL21 was essential for virus propagation due to the failure of DNA-containing capsids (C capsids) to exit the nucleus. We hypothesized that if a UL16/UL21 complex was required for nuclear egress, HSV-2 lacking UL16 would have a phenotype similar to that of HSV-2 lacking UL21. Deletion of HSV-2 UL16 (Δ16) resulted in a 950-fold reduction in virus propagation in mouse L cell fibroblasts and a 200-fold reduction in virus propagation in Vero cells that was fully reversed upon the repair of Δ16 (Δ16R) and partially reversed by infecting UL16-expressing cells with Δ16. The kinetics of viral gene expression in cells infected with Δ16 were indistinguishable from those of cells infected with Δ16R or the parental virus. Additionally, similar numbers of capsids were isolated from the nuclei of cells infected with Δ16 and the parental virus. However, transmission electron microscopy, fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments, and fluorescent capsid localization assays all indicated a reduction in the ability of Δ16 C capsids to exit the nucleus of infected cells. Taken together, these data indicate that, like UL21, UL16 is critical for HSV-2 propagation and suggest that the UL16 and UL21 proteins may function together to facilitate the nuclear egress of capsids. IMPORTANCE HSV-2 is a highly prevalent sexually transmitted human pathogen that is the main cause of genital herpes infections and is fueling the epidemic transmission of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite important differences in the pathological features of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections, HSV-2 is understudied compared to HSV-1. Here we demonstrate that a deletion of the HSV-2 UL16 gene results in a substantial inhibition of virus replication due to a reduction in the ability of DNA-containing capsids to exit the nucleus of infected cells. The phenotype of this UL16 mutant resembles that of an HSV-2 UL21 mutant described previously by our laboratory. Because UL16 and UL21 interact, these findings suggest that a complex containing both proteins may function together in nuclear egress.

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