Different behaviour of C-banded peri-centromeric heterochromatin between sex chromosomes and autosomes in Polyphagan beetles

Heterochromatin variation was studied after C-banding of male karyotypes with a XY sex formula from 224 species belonging to most of the main families of Coleoptera. The karyotypes were classified in relation with the ratio heterochromatin/euchromatin total amounts and the amounts of heterochromatin on autosomes and gonosomes were compared. The C-banded karyotypes of 19 species, representing characteristic profiles are presented. This analysis shows that there is a strong tendency for the homogenization of the size of the peri-centromeric C-banded heterochromatin on autosomes. The amount of heterochromatin on the X roughly follows the variations of autosomes. At contrast, the C-banded heterochromatin of the Y, most frequently absent or very small and rarely amplified, looks quite independent from that of other chromosomes. We conclude that the Xs and autosomes, but not the Y, possibly share some, but not all mechanisms of heterochromatin amplification/reduction. The theoretical models of heterochromatin expansion are discussed in the light of these data.

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CHROMOSOMES AND DNA OF MICROTUS II. CONFIRMATION OF DELETION OF CONSTITUTIVE HETEROCHROMATIN IN M. AGRESTIS CELLS IN VITRO

Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology ◽

10.1139/g77-057 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 537-541 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. E. K. Cooper

Keyword(s):

Somatic Cell ◽

Cell Line ◽

Cell Lines ◽

X Chromosome ◽

Sex Chromosomes ◽

Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽

The Other ◽

Microtus Agrestis ◽

C Banding

The distribution of constitutive heterochromatin has been examined by C-banding in two somatic cell lines, grown in vitro, from a female Microtus agrestis. One line retains one intact X chromosome together with the short arm of the other X chromosome, while the other cell line retains only the short arm of one X chromosome. Thus, each cell line has lost substantial amounts of heterochromatin from the sex chromosomes, but this material has been deleted from the cells, and not translocated to other chromosomes. Nonetheless, both cell lines continue to propagate well in vitro.

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Karyotype characterization of the lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens (Rafinesque 1817) by chromosome banding and fluorescent in situ hybridization

Genome ◽

10.1139/g04-028 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 742-746 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Francesco Fontana ◽

Ronald M Bruch ◽

Fred P Binkowski ◽

Massimo Lanfredi ◽

Milvia Chicca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

In Situ Hybridization ◽

Satellite Dna ◽

Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization ◽

Lake Sturgeon ◽

Centromeric Heterochromatin ◽

Telomeric Sequence ◽

Acipenser Fulvescens ◽

Nucleolar Organizer Regions ◽

C Banding

A karyotype analysis using several staining techniques was carried out on the North American lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens. The chromosome number was found to be 2n = 262 ± 6. A representative karyotype of 264 chromosomes was composed of 134 meta- and submetacentrics, 70 telo- and acrocentrics, and 60 microchromosomes. The constitutive heterochromatin, revealed by C banding, was localized in various positions on several chromosomes, including microchromosomes. The signals of fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with a HindIII satellite DNA probe were visible as centromeric heterochromatin blocks on 48 chromosomes. The telomeric repeat (TTAGGG)n detected by FISH was localized at both ends of all chromosomes and two chromosomes were entirely marked. Fluorescent staining with GC-specific chromomycin A3 showed recognizable fluorescent regions, whereas a more uniform base composition was revealed by the AT-specific 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). After silver staining, the active nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were detected on 12 chromosomes. FISH with the 5S probe showed four signals on four small chromosomes. Our data suggest that A. fulvescens is a tetraploid species.Key words: karyotype, C banding, telomeric sequence, fluorochrome staining, satellite DNA, 5S rDNA.

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CHROMOSOME MARKERS IN MUS MUSCULUS: STRAIN DIFFERENCES IN C-BANDING

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/75.4.663 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 75 (4) ◽

pp. 663-670

Author(s):

V G Dev ◽

D A Miller ◽

O J Miller

Keyword(s):

Mus Musculus ◽

Strain Differences ◽

Inbred Strains ◽

F1 Hybrids ◽

Centromeric Heterochromatin ◽

Mitotic Chromosomes ◽

Homologous Chromosomes ◽

Chromosome Markers ◽

C Banding ◽

Inbred Strains Of Mice

ABSTRACT The mitotic chromosomes of several inbred strains of mice and a series of F1 hybrids have been analyzed by quinacrine staining and further characterized by the centromeric heterochromatin banding (C-banding). Inbred strains had the same amount of C-banding material on homologous chromosomes but showed variation in the amount on different chromosomes. F1 hybrids showed characteristics of each parent and it appears that the amount of C-banding on each chromosome is a simple inherited polymorphism. In this study 12 different chromosomes could be distinguished by their C-banding, and these can be used as normal chromosome markers.

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The diversity of plant sex chromosomes highlighted through advances in genome sequencing

10.32942/osf.io/7yw6z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sarah Carey ◽

Qingyi Yu ◽

Alex Harkess

Keyword(s):

Sex Determination ◽

Genome Sequencing ◽

Sex Chromosomes ◽

Theoretical Models ◽

Genomic Technologies ◽

Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽

Suppressed Recombination ◽

Plant Sex Chromosomes ◽

Plant Sex

For centuries scientists have been intrigued by the origin of dioecy in plants, characterizing sex-specific development, uncovering cytological differences between the sexes, and developing theoretical models. However, through the invention and continued improvements in genomic technologies, we have truly begun to unlock the genetic basis of dioecy in many species. Here we broadly review the advances in research on dioecy and sex chromosomes. We start by first discussing the early works that built the foundation for current studies and the advances in genome sequencing that have facilitated more-recent findings. We next discuss the analyses of sex chromosomes and sex-determination genes uncovered by genome sequencing. We synthesize these results to find some patterns are emerging, such as the role of duplications, the involvement of hormones in sex-determination, and support for the two-locus model for the origin of dioecy. Though across systems, there also many novel insights into how sex chromosomes evolve, including different sex-determining genes and routes to suppressed recombination. We propose the future of research in plant sex chromosomes should involve interdisciplinary approaches, combining cutting-edge technologies with the classics to unravel the patterns that can be found across the hundreds of independent origins.

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Fluorescence banding in mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Genome ◽

10.1139/g89-485 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 580-588 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

D. G. Bedo

Keyword(s):

X Chromosome ◽

Sex Chromosomes ◽

Silver Staining ◽

Ceratitis Capitata ◽

Fruit Fly ◽

Mediterranean Fruit Fly ◽

Mitotic Chromosomes ◽

C Banding ◽

Meiotic Chromosomes ◽

The Mediterranean

Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, were studied using three counterstain-enhanced fluorescence staining methods. The tristaining technique allowed chromomycin A3 (CMA) and distamycin – diamidinophenylindole (DA–DAPI) fluorescence to be observed on the same chromosomes. DAPI–actinomycin D (DAPI–AMD) fluorescence was also carried out. These techniques were complemented with quinacrine staining and C-banding. The results were compared with earlier data on silver staining. The sex chromosomes, particularly the X chromosome, show great banding detail with extensive longitudinal differentiation in mitotic chromosomes. GC- and AT-specific fluorescence is not found in the expected reciprocal pattern at all sites. Comparison with C-banding and silver staining shows that intense fluorescence occurs in lightly C banded regions and silver bands correspond to fluorescent bands rather than nucleolar organizers. The combination of staining data suggests that much of the X chromosome has characteristics intermediate between heterochromatin and euchromatin. Meiotic X chromosomes show much less detail and reduced fluorescence intensity but can still be easily traced throughout meiosis and spermatogenesis.Key words: fluorescence banding, sex chromosomes, Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata.

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Modified Method of C Banding Using Barium Hydroxide

Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae ◽

10.1017/s0001566000010448 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 24 (3-4) ◽

pp. 315-316

Author(s):

P.K. Ghosh ◽

Indera P. Singh

Keyword(s):

Barium Hydroxide ◽

Centromeric Heterochromatin ◽

Banding Technique ◽

C Banding ◽

Modified Method ◽

The Relationship

A modified centromeric heterochromatin banding technique using barium hydroxide octahydrate is described. The relationship between slide maturity and time of denaturation by barium-hydroxide is discussed.

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The karyology of Vipera aspis, V. atra, V. hugyi, and Cerastes vipera

Amphibia-Reptilia ◽

10.1163/156853806776052209 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 113-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Gaetano Odierna ◽

Augusto Gentilli ◽

Marco Zuffi ◽

Gennaro Aprea

Keyword(s):

Sex Chromosomes ◽

Chromosome Pair ◽

Current Paper ◽

W Chromosome ◽

C Banding ◽

Initial Stage ◽

Staining Methods ◽

Almost All ◽

Vipera Aspis

AbstractIn the current paper we show the results obtained using standard and banding staining methods (Ag-NOR-, CMA3-, C-banding and sequential colorations (or Alu I digestions) + CMA3 + DAPI) in specimens of Cerastes vipera, Vipera aspis, V. atra, and V. hugyi. Cerastes vipera presented chromosomal characters, primitive in snakes, as a karyotype of 2n = 36 chromosomes, with 16 biarmed macrochromosomes and 20 microchromosomes, NORs on one microchromosome pair and absence of cytologically evident sex chromosomes, at least with the methods used. The three taxa of Vipera studied showed chromosomal characters either derived, or primitive or at an initial stage of differentiation. All three species showed a karyotype (derived) of 2n = 42 chromosomes with 22 macro- and 20 micro-chromosomes; they all showed NORs on one micro-chromosome pair and presented Z and W chromosomes at an initial stage of differentiation. Sexchromosomes Z and W, were in fact homomorphic, but the former was near all euchromatic, while the W chromosome was almost completely heterochromatic. All the three taxa of Vipera resulted, however, karyologically diversified, mainly due to the number of macro-chromosomes pairs with a centromeric, CMA3 positive heterochromatin: almost all the pairs in V. aspis, two pairs in V. atra and absent in V. hugyi.

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C-banded karyotypes of two Silene species with heteromorphic sex chromosomes

Genome ◽

10.1139/g01-143 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 243-252 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Aleksandra Grabowska-Joachimiak ◽

Andrzej Joachimiak

Keyword(s):

Sex Chromosomes ◽

Sex Chromosome ◽

Silene Latifolia ◽

Silene Dioica ◽

Dna Amount ◽

Metaphase Chromosomes ◽

X Chromosomes ◽

C Banding ◽

Y Chromosomes ◽

Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes

Mitotic metaphase chromosomes of Silene latifolia (white campion) and Silene dioica (red campion) were studied and no substantial differences between the conventional karyotypes of these two species were detected. The classification of chromosomes into three distinct groups proposed for S. latifolia by Ciupercescu and colleagues was considered and discussed. Additionally, a new small satellite on the shorter arm of homobrachial chromosome 5 was found. Giemsa C-banded chromosomes of the two analysed species show many fixed and polymorphic heterochromatic bands, mainly distally and centromerically located. Our C-banding studies provided an opportunity to better characterize the sex chromosomes and some autosome types, and to detect differences between the two Silene karyotypes. It was shown that S. latifolia possesses a larger amount of polymorphic heterochromatin, especially of the centromeric type. The two Silene sex chromosomes are easily distinguishable not only by length or DNA amount differences but also by their Giemsa C-banding patterns. All Y chromosomes invariably show only one distally located band, and no other fixed or polymorphic bands on this chromosome were observed in either species. The X chromosomes possess two terminally located fixed bands, and some S. latifolia X chromosomes also have an extra-centric segment of variable length. The heterochromatin amount and distribution revealed by our Giemsa C-banding studies provide a clue to the problem of sex chromosome and karyotype evolution in these two closely related dioecious Silene species.Key words: dioecious plant, Silene dioica, Silene latifolia, karyotype, sex chromosomes, heterochromatin, C-banding.

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On sex determination in the Turkish desert woodlouse Hemilepistus elongatus (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea): searching for sex chromosomes and for sex-specific differences in simple DNA repeats

Genome ◽

10.1139/g96-103 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 818-821 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

G. Röder ◽

K. E. Linsenmair ◽

I. Nanda ◽

M. Schmid

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

Sex Determination ◽

Sex Chromosomes ◽

Genomic Dna ◽

Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽

Dna Repeats ◽

Male And Female ◽

General Morphology ◽

C Banding ◽

Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes

The karyotype of male and female Hemilepistus elongatus was investigated by means of C-banding. The diploid chromosome number in both sexes is 2n = 50. By scrutinizing general morphology and localization of the constitutive heterochromatin, no heteromorphic sex chromosomes were found. All chromosome pairs in males are well paired during diakinesis. Hybridization of genomic DNA with (GACA)4 and (GATA)4 oligonucleotides revealed no sex-specific patterns. Key words : karyotype, C-banding, sex determination, simple DNA-repeats, Isopoda.

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SEQUENCE OF CENTROMERE SEPARATION: ROLE OF CENTROMERIC HETEROCHROMATIN

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/102.4.795 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 102 (4) ◽

pp. 795-806

Author(s):

Baldev K Vig

Keyword(s):

X Chromosome ◽

Sex Chromosomes ◽

Mus Musculus ◽

Constitutive Heterochromatin ◽

Bos Taurus ◽

Centromeric Heterochromatin ◽

Early Anaphase ◽

Wood Lemming ◽

Myopus Schisticolor

ABSTRACT The late metaphase-early anaphase cells from various tissues of male Mus musculus, M. poschiavinus, M. spretus, M. castaneus, female and male Bos taurus (cattle) and female Myopus schisticolor (wood lemming) were analyzed for centromeres that showed separation into two daughter centromeres and those that did not show such separation. In all strains and species of mouse the Y chromosome is the first one to separate, as is the X or Y in the cattle. These sex chromosomes are devoid of constitutive heterochromatin, whereas all autosomes in these species carry detectable quantities. In cattle, the late replicating X chromosome appears to separate later than the active X. In the wood lemming the three pairs of autosomes with the least amount of centromeric constitutive heterochromatin separate first. These are followed by the separation of seven pairs of autosomes carrying medium amounts of constitutive heterochromatin. Five pairs of autosomes with the largest amounts of constitutive heterochromatin are the last in the sequence of separation. The sex chromosomes with medium amounts of constitutive heterochromatin around the centromere, and a very large amount of distal heterochromatin, separate among the very late ones but are not the last. These observations assign a specific role to centromeric constitutive heterochromatin and also indicate that nonproximal heterochromatin does not exert control over the sequence in which the centromeres in the genome separate. It appears that qualitative differences among various types of constitutive heterochromatin are as important as quantitative differences in controlling the separation of centromeres.

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