scholarly journals Description and photographs of cricket parental care in the wild

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Darin J. McNeil ◽  
Bettina Erregger
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Parental Behavior ◽  
Mountain Slope ◽  
Brood Chamber ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
In The Wild

Although certain forms of parental care are relatively widespread phenomena among insects, within Orthoptera, parental care is rare. Short-tailed burrowing crickets (Anurogryllus spp.) are among the few members of this order for which extensive parental care has been documented. However, accounts of parental care in Anurogryllus have been largely under laboratory conditions, and observations of this behavior in the wild are rare. Herein we present photographic observations from a mountain slope in Honduras where we discovered an active Anurogryllus brood chamber where an adult female was tending her brood. We present these results in the context of parental care in insects and compare our observations with those reported in past literature published on Anurogryllus crickets’ parental behavior.

scholarly journals On Realistically Attacking Tor with Website Fingerprinting

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Wang ◽  
Ian Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Background Noise ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Web Traffic ◽  
Training Set ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Testing Data ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
New Algorithms

Abstract Website fingerprinting allows a local, passive observer monitoring a web-browsing client’s encrypted channel to determine her web activity. Previous attacks have shown that website fingerprinting could be a threat to anonymity networks such as Tor under laboratory conditions. However, there are significant differences between laboratory conditions and realistic conditions. First, in laboratory tests we collect the training data set together with the testing data set, so the training data set is fresh, but an attacker may not be able to maintain a fresh data set. Second, laboratory packet sequences correspond to a single page each, but for realistic packet sequences the split between pages is not obvious. Third, packet sequences may include background noise from other types of web traffic. These differences adversely affect website fingerprinting under realistic conditions. In this paper, we tackle these three problems to bridge the gap between laboratory and realistic conditions for website fingerprinting. We show that we can maintain a fresh training set with minimal resources. We demonstrate several classification-based techniques that allow us to split full packet sequences effectively into sequences corresponding to a single page each. We describe several new algorithms for tackling background noise. With our techniques, we are able to build the first website fingerprinting system that can operate directly on packet sequences collected in the wild.

PARENTAL BEHAVIOR IN THE DERMAPTERA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FORFICULA AURICULARIA (DERMAPTERA: FORFICULIDAE)

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 609-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Parental Behavior ◽  
Forficula Auricularia

AbstractNew observations on parental behavior of the earwig, Forficula auricularia L., are reported and the literature on the parental behavior in the Dermaptera is summarized. The construction of the nest, care of the eggs and nymphs, and the duration of parental care are described. The control of parental behavior and the role of the male in nest establishment are also considered.

Benthic Egg Masses and Larval Development of Amblyosyllis Speciosa (Polychaeta: Syllidae)

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1369-1372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Pernet
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brood Chamber ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Maternal Parent ◽  
Boring Sponge ◽  
Friday Harbor ◽  
Bivalve Shell ◽  
Encrusting Sponges ◽  
Protection Of Embryos

Eggs of the syllid polychaete Atnblyosyllis speciosa are deposited in benthic gelatinous masses. Embryos and larvae develop within these masses until about three weeks after fertilization, after which they crawl or swim away and metamorphose. Only one other syllid, the Mediterranean Syllides edentula, has been reported to form benthic egg masses.While some syllid polychaetes spawn gametes freely into the water column where they are fertilized and develop without additional parental care, most species protect developing embryos in some fashion. Four modes of brood protection have been reported in the syllids. Protection of embryos within the ventral brood chamber of a planktonic adult is characteristic of members of the subfamily Autolytinae, and of some members of the Eusyllinae (Garwood, 1991). Physical attachment of embryos to the body of the maternal parent (external gestation) occurs in all members of the Exogoninae and in a few eusyllines (Heacox & Schroeder, 1978; Garwood, 1991). Viviparity is less common, having been reported in a few species in the subfamily Syllinae (Schroeder & Hermans, 1975; Ben-Eliahu, 1975) and in one exogonine (Pocklington & Hutcheson, 1983). Finally, the formation of benthic egg masses has been described in only one species, the eusylline Syllides edentula Claparède (Cognetti-Varriale, 1971).In this study the benthic egg masses and development of another eusylline, Amblyosyllis speciosa Izuka, 1912, are described. In December 1995, at the Friday Harbor Laboratories (FHL), Washington, USA, five adult worms were found on a bivalve shell heavily infested with the boring sponge Cliona sp. Additional specimens and egg masses were collected in June 1996 and April-June 1997 from encrusting sponges on the FHL breakwater.

scholarly journals Parental care in the buffy-tufted-ear marmoset (Callithrix aurita) in wild and captive groups

2000 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. V. SANTOS ◽  
M. M. MARTINS
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Breeding Pair ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Environmental Pressures ◽  
Infant Carrying ◽  
Captive Group ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Wild Group ◽  
Callithrix Aurita

Studies on cooperative care of offspring in callitrichid primates are biased in favor of observations in captivity. In the wild, however, individuals have to deal with environmental pressures, which may influence their social behavior. We compared the individual effort attributed to parental care offered by members of a wild group (couple, plus a subadult helper) and two captive groups (A: couple, plus an subadult helper, B: couple, plus four adult helpers) of the buffy-tufted-ear marmoset, Callithrix aurita, from weeks 1-12 after the infants' birth. The carrier (breeding male and female or helper) and the infant's feeding (food sharing and foraging for food) were recorded. Up to week four, while the wild breeding pair shared infant carrying at similar proportions, the male from captive group A carried 100% of the time. Adult helpers from group B were the main carriers. Carrying behavior extended up to week 12 only in the wild group. Food provisioning to the infant was observed earlier in the groups wild and A, but general proportion of feeding records was lower in the wild than in captivity. Energetic cost of travelling and searching for food may be associated with equal division of carrying behavior by the wild breeding pair. Higher proportions of carrying in the groups wild and B may have delayed the development of the infants' motor skills required in foraging. Our data agree with previous studies: the father's lower investment in carrying when adult helpers are present and lower contribution of subadult non-reproductive members.

scholarly journals A three-dimensional habitat for C. elegans environmental enrichment

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245139
Author(s):  
Aurélie Guisnet ◽  
Malosree Maitra ◽  
Sreeparna Pradhan ◽  
Michael Hendricks
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Microbial Environment

As we learn more about the importance of gene-environment interactions and the effects of environmental enrichment, it becomes evident that minimalistic laboratory conditions can affect gene expression patterns and behaviors of model organisms. In the laboratory, Caenorhabditis elegans is generally cultured on two-dimensional, homogeneous agar plates abundantly covered with axenic bacteria culture as a food source. However, in the wild, this nematode thrives in rotting fruits and plant stems feeding on bacteria and small eukaryotes. This contrast in habitat complexity suggests that studying C. elegans in enriched laboratory conditions can deepen our understanding of its fundamental traits and behaviors. Here, we developed a protocol to create three-dimensional habitable scaffolds for trans-generational culture of C. elegans in the laboratory. Using decellularization and sterilization of fruit tissue, we created an axenic environment that can be navigated throughout and where the microbial environment can be strictly controlled. C. elegans were maintained over generations on this habitat, and showed a clear behavioral bias for the enriched environment. As an initial assessment of behavioral variations, we found that dauer populations in scaffolds exhibit high-frequency, complex nictation behavior including group towering and jumping behavior.

scholarly journals Brood Division and the Ontogeny of Caching Behaviour in the North Island robin (Petroica longipes)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lisabertha Clark
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Mammalian Predators ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Brood Division ◽  
And Function

<p>The post-fledging period is an important, but understudied, stage of avian development. This is despite the fact that the parental care and behavioural development of young observed during this period contribute significantly toward offspring survival. A key factor that has contributed to the lack of research in this area has been the difficulty with which parents and offspring can be observed during this period.  The North Island robin (Petroica longipes) is a small insectivorous passerine native to New Zealand forests. As a result of the historic absence of mammalian predators, North Island robins lack pronounced anti-predator behaviours and are fearless towards humans. This makes them ideal subjects for behavioural studies in the wild because human presence does not alter their daily activities.  Using field observations, the present study examined parental care and the development of caching during the post-fledging period in wild North Island robins. Brood division is a form of preferential post-fledging care that is well documented among avian species in the northern hemisphere. In contrast, little is known about the incidence and function of brood division in avian species outside this region. Across two breeding seasons (2014-2015 and 2015-2016), feeding interactions between parents and offspring were observed during nestling and fledgling development to determine the timing of and factors influencing brood division in robins. Brood division occurred around the time young left the nest and was common amongst broods which fledged two or more young. The male parent typically cared for male and larger fledglings and the female parent for female and smaller fledglings. The results of this study match patterns observed in northern hemisphere species suggesting that brood division provides the same adaptive advantages to species regardless of geographical context.  Caching, the handling of food to preserve it for future consumption, is an important strategy which allows numerous avian species to deal with natural fluctuations in food supply. In recent decades, caching has become a widely-used paradigm for examining a range of cognitive processes in birds, such as social cognition and spatial memory. However, much is still unknown about how caching develops in young birds, especially in the wild. Over a 12-week period following fledging, the ontogeny of caching and cache retrieval was observed for 34 juvenile robins. Juveniles began caching shortly after achieving foraging independency (approximately 5 weeks after fledging) and their caching rates increased gradually with age. Retrieval of caches began spontaneously as soon as they had begun to cache and retrieval rates remained constant throughout development. Results suggest that caching behaviour in North Island robins is likely to be innate, but that age and experience have an important role in the development of adult caching behaviours.  The two studies described in this dissertation examine behaviours that have either been previously difficult to document in the wild or have not been documented in this species. Overall, the results highlight the behavioural similarities between the North Island robin and other avian species exhibiting brood division and caching. Additionally, they also demonstrate the suitability of the North Island robin for future behavioural research given the ease with which these birds can be observed in the wild.</p>

scholarly journals Observations on nesting activity, life cycle, and brood ball morphometry of the Bordered Dung Beetle Oniticellus cinctus (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) under laboratory conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 14137-14143
Author(s):  
Amar Paul Singh ◽  
Kritish De ◽  
Shagun Mahajan ◽  
Ritwik Mondal ◽  
Virendra Prasad Uniyal
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Dung Beetle ◽  
Brood Chamber ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ball Diameter ◽  
Nesting Activity ◽  
First Time

The nesting activity, life cycle, and brood ball morphometry of the dung beetle Oniticellus cinctus (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) were studied under laboratory conditions for the first time in India.  The females made a brood chamber within the dung mass provided, wherein they made brood balls to lay eggs.  The life cycle includes egg, larva (three instars), pupa, and adult stages.  The total duration for the development was about one month.  The study found that there was a significant difference present in the brood ball diameter (except in the first and second instars) and brood ball weight (except in the second instar and pupa) of the six life cycle stages.  It was also found that brood ball weight and diameter have a significant positive correlation as well as a linear relationship.  

scholarly journals Parental care in Cryptops hortensis (Donovan) (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha) from Serbia, the Balkan peninsula

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 1117-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.M. Mitic ◽  
D.Z. Antic ◽  
B.S. Ilic ◽  
S.E. Makarov ◽  
L.R. Lucic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
General Feature ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Ventral Side ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
First Time ◽  
Plesiomorphic State

Parental care in the geographically widespread cryptopid scolopendromorph Cryptops hortensis (Donovan) is described for the first time. It was observed that the adult female rolls her body around the mass of hatchlings with the ventral side against the brood. This finding supports the hypothesis that within the brooding centipedes, the female position with the terga outwards is a plesiomorphic state and probably a general feature of all Scolopendromorpha. In addition, the major external morphological characters of the fetus instar and adolescens I are described.

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