scholarly journals Brazilian obligatory subterranean fauna and threats to the hypogean environment

ZooKeys ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 746 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Eduardo Gallão ◽  
Maria Elina Bichuette
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Conservation Actions ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Hydroelectric Projects ◽  
Selective Regime ◽  
Subterranean Species ◽  
Subterranean Environment

The subterranean environment harbors species that are not capable of establishing populations in the epigean environment, i.e., the obligatory subterranean species. These organisms live in a unique selective regime in permanent darkness and usually low food availability, high air humidity in terrestrial habitats, and low temperature range allied to other unique conditions related to lithologies and past climatic influences. The pressure to increase Brazil’s economic growth relies on agricultural/pastoral industries and exporting of raw materials such as iron, limestone, ethanol, soybean, cotton, and meat, as well as huge reservoir constructions to generate electricity. Mining (even on a small scale), agricultural expansion, and hydroelectric projects are extremely harmful to subterranean biodiversity, via the modification and even destruction of hypogean habitats. The Brazilian subterranean species were analyzed with respect to their distributions, presence on the IUCN Red List, and current and potential threats to hypogean habitats. A map and three lists are presented, one with the described obligatory subterranean species, one with undescribed taxa, and one with the current and potential threats to the hypogean environment. To date, 150 obligatory subterranean species have been recorded in Brazil, plus at least 156 undescribed troglomorphic taxa, totaling 306 Brazilian troglobites/obligatory cave fauna. We also analyzed the current and potential cave threats and the conservation actions that are underway to attempt to compensate for loss of these habitats. In according to the Brazilian legislation (Decree 6640) only caves of maximum relevance are fully protected. One strategy to protect the subterranean fauna of Brazil is the inclusion of these species in the IUCN Red List (one of attributes that determines maximum relevance for caves); however, one of the IUCN assumptions is that the taxa must be formally described. It is clear that the description and proposed protection of Brazilian subterranean biodiversity depends on more systematics studies.

scholarly journals The changing fates of the world's mammals

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1578) ◽  
pp. 2598-2610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hoffmann ◽  
Jerrold L. Belant ◽  
Janice S. Chanson ◽  
Neil A. Cox ◽  
John Lamoreux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
International Union ◽  
The Status ◽  
Conservation Actions ◽  
In The Wild

A recent complete assessment of the conservation status of 5487 mammal species demonstrated that at least one-fifth are at risk of extinction in the wild. We retrospectively identified genuine changes in extinction risk for mammals between 1996 and 2008 to calculate changes in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Index (RLI). Species-level trends in the conservation status of mammalian diversity reveal that extinction risk in large-bodied species is increasing, and that the rate of deterioration has been most accelerated in the Indomalayan and Australasian realms. Expanding agriculture and hunting have been the main drivers of increased extinction risk in mammals. Site-based protection and management, legislation, and captive-breeding and reintroduction programmes have led to improvements in 24 species. We contextualize these changes, and explain why both deteriorations and improvements may be under-reported. Although this study highlights where conservation actions are leading to improvements, it fails to account for instances where conservation has prevented further deteriorations in the status of the world's mammals. The continued utility of the RLI is dependent on sustained investment to ensure repeated assessments of mammals over time and to facilitate future calculations of the RLI and measurement against global targets.

scholarly journals Conservation status of the recently described Ecuadorian Amazon parrot Amazona lilacina

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 586-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
REBECCA BIDDLE ◽  
IVETTE SOLIS PONCE ◽  
PAUL CUN ◽  
SIMON TOLLINGTON ◽  
MARTIN JONES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Status ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
Coastal Forests ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ecuadorian Amazon ◽  
Conservation Actions ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Range Estimate ◽  
Red Listing

SummaryAmazona lilacina is a threatened species endemic to Ecuador, existing across a patchwork of mangroves, lowland coastal forests, agricultural and community owned land. The species was described in 2014 and listed as ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List, however, full assessment of the population was lacking. Using a combination of field observations, roost surveys and community questionnaires, conducted over the last 20 years, we provide up-to-date information on the species’ Extent of Occurrence, estimate its global population size, and evaluate its level of threat. Our results suggest the species occurs across an area of 19,890 km2 in three distinct geographically isolated subpopulations. Roost surveys across the range estimate the minimum remaining population at 741–1,090 individuals and we present evidence to suggest a 60% decline over the past 19 years in one part of the species’ range. We conducted community questionnaires with 427 people from 52 communities. The presence of pet parrots was reported in 37 communities, including 17 communities which reported pet A. lilacina. From this we predict that over half of all communities within our study area keep parrots as pets and at least 96 communities keep A. lilacina. Our findings justify an IUCN Red Listing of at least ‘Endangered’ for this species and highlight the need for conservation support. In order to assess population health in more detail, further research is required to assess genetic diversity and roost dynamics, and to identify areas that may be important for feeding and nesting throughout the range. As many of these areas are likely to overlap with community owned land, we suggest that future conservation actions should revolve around, and be led by, these communities.

scholarly journals Vulnerabilidad de las especies de Dytiscidae (Coleoptera) en Cuba

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 709
Author(s):  
Yoandri S. Megna ◽  
David Sánchez-Fernández ◽  
Ileana Fernández García ◽  
Bernardo Reyes-Tur ◽  
Michael Balke
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Status ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
Habitat Specificity ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
The North ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Diving Beetles ◽  
Threatened Taxa ◽  
Conservation Actions

Vulnerability of Dytiscidae species (Coleoptera) in Cuba. Cuba has one of the richest diving beetles species diversity in the Caribbean islands. However, Cuban Dytiscidae remain scarcely studied, and there is need to identify those species and habitats that urgently require effective conservation actions. Here we aim to identify the threatened taxa of the family Dytiscidae in Cuba according to their degree of vulnerability. For that, we compiled distributional data on the Cuban fauna, including data from literature, collections and own samplings carried out between the period 2000 and 2014. In addition, the vulnerability of the species was evaluated using a methodology that combines six criteria regarding both species and habitat attributes. This analysis of vulnerability was completed to 50 (94 %) out of 53 Cuban species. Five species (9 %) were identified as highly vulnerable, 20 (38 %) moderately and 25 (48 %) as having low conservation status. The five most threatened species were Laccodytes cobrinae, Laccophilus alariei, Copelatus barbouri, C. darlingtoni, and Desmopachria glabella. These species are endemic to Cuba and characterized by highly localized populations and low abundance as well as high habitat specificity. Thus, we propose the inclusion of these five species in both the red list of Cuban fauna and the IUCN Red List (under the category of “Vulnerable”). In addition, not all areas where these species were found belong to the National System of Protected Areas of Cuba. Thus, we suggest the inclusion of the Laguna Base Julio A. Mella and the North of Imías, and to develop effective management measures to prevent the alteration of these aquatic ecosystems. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 709-721. Epub 2018 June 01. Key words: 

scholarly journals Conservation assessment of Aquilegia paui (Ranunculaceae): a case study of an extremely narrow endemic

Oryx ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Carmen Martinell ◽  
Jordi López-Pujol ◽  
Cèsar Blanché ◽  
Julián Molero ◽  
Llorenç Sàez
Keyword(s):  
Conservation Status ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
Endemic Plant ◽  
Conservation Assessment ◽  
Narrow Endemic ◽  
Conservation Actions ◽  
Endemic Plant Species

AbstractThe extremely rare Aquilegia paui (Ranunculaceae) was described in 1920 but was not found again until 1999, when it was discovered in the Parc Natural dels Ports in Tarragona Province, Spain. This species had been confused with the widespread A. vulgaris and consequently its taxonomic and conservation status had been misinterpreted. Based on the limited range of A. paui and the level of disturbance of its habitat we recommend that it is categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. We summarize the conservation actions available for such extremely narrow endemic plant species and make appropriate recommendations for the conservation of A. paui.

scholarly journals How Threatened Is Scincella huanrenensis? An Update on Threats and Trends

Conservation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-72
Author(s):  
Yucheol Shin ◽  
Kevin R. Messenger ◽  
Kyo Soung Koo ◽  
Sang Cheol Lee ◽  
Mian Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Status ◽  
Conservation Actions ◽  
Dynamics Of Population

It is important to understand the dynamics of population size to accurately assess threats and implement conservation activities when required. However, inaccurate estimates are harming both the threat estimation process, and the resulting conservation actions. Here, we address the extinction threats to Scincella huanrenensis, a species described in the People’s Republic of China, but also occurring on the Korean peninsula. Estimating the threats to the species is not an easy task due to its unknown population status in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Here we analysed the literature to acquire the known presence point for the species, along with datapoints originating from opportunistic field surveys, and employed habitat suitability models to estimate the range of the species. We then followed the categories and criteria of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species to assess the extinction risk of the species. We found the species not to be fitting the threatened category at the global scale based on the range size, the only category for which enough data was available. We recommend the status of the species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species to be updated as it is now listed as critically endangered (CR), a listing fitting a national assessment for the People’s Republic (PR) of China. While this species is possibly less threatened than currently listed, this is not a genuine improvement, and specific conservation aspects should not be neglected due to its specialisation to medium to high elevation habitat.

scholarly journals IUCN status of important ethno botanical plants of Udyavara village (Udupi, Karnataka)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Mohammed Faisal ◽  
◽  
P Shrikanth ◽  
Niveditha Shetty ◽  
Sunil Kumar KN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Endangered Plant ◽  
Plant Identification ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Conservation Actions

Introduction: 1/4th of all plant species in the world are at risk of being endangered or going extinct. The IUCN Red List is a critical indicator of the health of the world’s biodiversity. It provides information about range, population size, habitat and ecology, use or trade, threats, and conservation actions that will help inform necessary conservation decisions. Hence the study was conducted to explore the status of plants of Udyavara village in IUCN red list of endangered species. Method: The Plant identification was carried in certain areas of Udyavara village by survey method. Authentication done by referring standard flora and experienced taxonomist. The enlisted drugs were studied for its status in IUCN red list. Result: The endangered plant species were explored from 276 identified plants of Udyavara village. Among them 80 evaluated species were identified with its category of endangered red list. Conclusion: The plants encountered under endangered species available in Udyavara Village of Udupi District will guide the practitioner for its judicial use in medicine. Moreover, the conservation of such plant species is possible by further cultivation of the same.

scholarly journals The conservation status and distribution of Mediterranean dung beetles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Numa ◽  
Mattia Tonelli ◽  
Jorge M. Lobo ◽  
José R. Verdú ◽  
Jean-Pierre Lumaret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
Dung Beetles ◽  
Iucn Red List Categories ◽  
Macaronesian Islands ◽  
Conservation Actions ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Geographical Scope

The Mediterranean Red List assessment is a review of the regional conservation status of approximately 6,000 species (amphibians, mammals, reptiles, birds, fishes, butterflies, dragonflies, beetles, corals and plants) according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. It identifies those species that are threatened with extinction at the regional level to guide appropriate conservation actions for improving their status. This report summarises the results for Mediterranean dung beetles. All the dung beetles that are endemic or nearly endemic to the Mediterranean region – 200 species – are included. The geographical scope is the Mediterranean region according to the Mediterranean Basin Biodiversity Hotspot (Mittermeier et al., 2004), with the exception of the Macaronesian islands, which have not been included in this study. Of the 644 species of dung beetles inhabiting the Mediterranean region, 200 (32%) have at least 75% of their distribution range within the borders of the region. The other 444 species, which occur over a wider area, were excluded from this assessment. Of the 200 species analysed, 150 are considered endemic as they cannot be found anywhere else in the world.

scholarly journals Conservation of endemic insular plants: the genus Ribes L. (Grossulariaceae) in Sardinia

Oryx ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Fenu ◽  
Efisio Mattana ◽  
Gianluigi Bacchetta
Keyword(s):  
Field Survey ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Red List ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Conservation Actions ◽  
Endangered Status

AbstractOnly two members of the genus Ribes L. (Grossulariaceae) occur in Sardinia, both endemic: R. sardoum and R. multiflorum subsp. sandalioticum. R. sardoum is categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List and R. multiflorum subsp. sandalioticum is a rare species previously known from only a few localities. Both species grow only in mountainous areas. In 2006–2010 we carried out a field survey to verify the conservation status of R. sardoum and to estimate the number of individual plants, identify threats and assess the conservation status of R. multiflorum subsp. sandalioticum. R. sardoum is threatened by grazing, its small population, low seed viability and the activities of tourists, confirming its Critically Endangered status. We found R. multiflorum subsp. sandalioticum in 13 localities, three of which are new records, with the plants in scattered groups or singly, in three populations. The threats to R. multiflorum subsp. sandalioticum are overgrazing, the small populations, habitat fragmentation and the activities of tourists. We propose that R. multiflorum subsp. sandalioticum be categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Research activities and conservation measures for this genus on Sardinia have been proposed and some conservation actions have already commenced.

Water Pollution Abatement in Small Paper Mills in India

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Panneerselvam
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Recovery System

In order to reduce the demand for the forest based raw materials by the organised industrial sectors like the large integrated pulp and paper mills, the Government of India started promoting several small-scale pulp and paper mills based on non-wood agricultural residue raw materials. However promotion of these small mills has created another environmental problem i.e. severe water pollution due to non-recovery of chemicals. Because of the typical characteristics like high silica content etc. of the black liquor produced and the subsequent high capital investment needed for a recovery system, it is not economically feasible for the small Indian mills to recover the chemicals. While the quantity of wastewater generated per tonne of paper produced by a small mill is same as from a large integrated pulp and paper mill with a chemical recovery system, their BOD load is four times higher, due to non recovery of chemicals. However the existing wastewater disposal standards are uniform for large and small mills for e.g. 30 mg BOD/l. To meet these standards, the small mills have to install a capital intensive wastewater treatment plant with heavy recurring operating costs. Therefore the feasible alternative is to implement various pollution abatement measures, with the objective of not only reducing the fibre/chemical loss but also to reduce the investment and operating costs of the final wastewater treatment system. To illustrate this approach, a case study on water pollution abatement and control in a 10 TPD mill, will be discussed.

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