Expanding the understanding of a forest ectomycorrhizal community by combining root tips and fruiting bodies: a case study of Tuber magnatum stands

The structure of an ectomycorrhizal community was assessed on a 100-m2 plot in a 100-year-old, oligotrophic Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst., forest in southern Sweden. During the 6-year study (1986–1992) sporocarps were identified and their biomass determined. Late in the fall of 1993, we identified mycorrhizas and estimated their abundance. Forty-eight epigeous, ectomycorrhizal taxa were identified based on the examination of sporocarps. Hygrophorus olivaceoalbus (Fr.:Fr.) Fr. and six species of Cortinarius, i.e., C. acutus (Pers.:Fr.) Fr., C. brunneus (Pers.:Fr.) Fr., C. evernius (Fr.:Fr.) Fr., C. obtusus (Fr.) Fr., C. paleaceus Fr., and C. strobilaceus Moser, were found every year. For the period as a whole, they accounted for 32% of the annual sporocarp biomass. Twenty-one species were observed during 1 year only. Cenococcum geophilum Fr. and Piloderma croceum Erikss. & Hjortst. accounted for 18 and 19%, respectively, of the mycorrhizal abundance of the mycorrhizal root tips examined. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based molecular methods, we were able to distinguish 25 taxa forming mycorrhiza from soil cores covering a total of 22.5 cm2 of the forest floor. Twelve of these taxa were identified using a sporocarp or mycelial culture based reference data base containing 25 of the sporocarp-producing species. These 12 species accounted for an average of 74% of the sporocarp biomass. In contrast, their share of the estimated mycorrhizal abundance and biomass was about 30%. At least half of the abundance of the belowground ectomycorrhizal community was accounted for by species that did not produce conspicuous epigeous sporocarps. Ascomycetes accounted for about 20% of the mycorrhizal abundance. Calculations showed that on a per hectare basis there was 8.8 kg of fungal biomass in the form of sporocarps (average annual cumulative production), an estimated 250–400 kg as mycorrhiza (standing crop) and 440 kg in the form of sclerotia of Cenococcum geophilum (standing crop). Key words: ectomycorrhizal community structure, ITS–RFLP, Picea abies.

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A simple method to assess macrofungal sporocarp biomass for investigating ecological change

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b07-068 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 85 (7) ◽

pp. 652-658 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

B.B. Tóth ◽

A. Feest

Keyword(s):

Environmental Changes ◽

Fine Root ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Accurate Estimation ◽

Ecological Change ◽

Fruiting Bodies ◽

Ectomycorrhizal Community ◽

Simple Method ◽

Area Index ◽

Forested Areas

The methodologies used for studying macrofungal communities are an eclectic assemblage of many different and unstandardized approaches. In this study we propose a simple, nondestructive but still informative method to assess fungal sporocarp biomass in forested areas. We use the number of fruiting bodies found in the surveyed plot, and data on cap diameter of the species from the literature to calculate a cap area index. We show that this index very strongly correlates with the measured total dry mass of the species obtained from the same plot. We point out that the cap area index provides a more accurate estimation of the epigeous fungal sporocarp biomass than do the species sporocarp numbers. This new methodology allows the spatiotemporal distribution of a fungal community in an ecosystem to be followed. Since sporocarp production responds much more sensitively to environmental changes than does the fine-root vegetative ectomycorrhizal community, it may more quickly reflect whether an ecosystem has been perturbed. It will also allow us to collect data on saprotrophic species. A sporocarp survey can be useful for detecting early changes in the habitat and environment, and give an easily applicable method for conservation biology and ecosystem management.

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Environmental conditions influence the biochemical properties of the fruiting bodies of Tuber magnatum Pico

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-018-25520-7 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Federico Vita ◽

Flavio Antonio Franchina ◽

Cosimo Taiti ◽

Vittoria Locato ◽

Giorgio Pennazza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Conditions ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Fruiting Bodies ◽

Tuber Magnatum

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The ectomycorrhizal status of Calostoma cinnabarinum determined using isotopic, molecular, and morphological methods

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b07-026 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 85 (4) ◽

pp. 385-393 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Andrew W. Wilson ◽

Erik A. Hobbie ◽

David S. Hibbett

Keyword(s):

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Soil Cores ◽

Fruiting Bodies ◽

Root Tips ◽

Specific Primers ◽

Saprotrophic Fungi ◽

Plant Associations ◽

Ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycetes

Calostoma cinnabarinum Corda belongs to the suborder Sclerodermatineae (Boletales), which includes many well-known ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes, but the genus Calostoma has been described as saprotrophic. This study combines isotopic, molecular, and morphological techniques to determine the mode of nutrition of C. cinnabarinum. δ13C and δ15N measurements were compared among co-occurring C. cinnabarinum, ectomycorrhizal fungi, saprotrophic fungi, and ectomycorrhizal plants. Isotopic profiles of C. cinnabarinum resembled those of ectomycorrhizal fungi but not those of saprotrophic fungi. For molecular analyses, ectomycorrhizal root tips were extracted from soil cores collected beneath C. cinnabarinum fruit bodies. Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) sequences were obtained from ectomycorrhizal root tips using fungal-specific primers and screened against C. cinnabarinum nrITS sequences. Ectomycorrhizal root tips had nrITS sequences that matched C. cinnabarinum fruiting bodies. Root tips colonized by C. cinnabarinum were also described morphologically. Several morphological characters were shared between fruiting bodies and ectomycorrhizal root tips of C. cinnabarinum. Results of isotopic, molecular, and morphological analyses indicate that C. cinnabarinum is ectomycorrhizal. Molecular analysis and observations of plant associations suggest that C. cinnabarinum forms ectomycorrhizae with Quercus .

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Application of Endodontic Files for the Extraction of Root Tips: A Biomechanical Investigation and Case Study

Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery ◽

10.1016/j.joms.2016.08.035 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 74 (12) ◽

pp. 2345-2350 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Junliang Chen ◽

Yun He ◽

Qin Pan ◽

Minhai Nie

Keyword(s):

Root Tips ◽

Biomechanical Investigation

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Geographical based variations in white truffle Tuber magnatum truffle aroma is explained by quantitative differences in key volatile compounds

10.1101/2020.09.30.321133 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jun Niimi ◽

Aurélie Deveau ◽

Richard Splivallo

Keyword(s):

Volatile Compounds ◽

Fruiting Body ◽

Geographic Area ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

List Type ◽

Fruiting Bodies ◽

Headspace Volatile ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

Tuber Magnatum ◽

Volatile Profiles

SummaryThe factors that vary the aroma of Tuber magnatum fruiting bodies are poorly understood. The study determined the headspace aroma composition, sensory aroma profiles, maturity, and microbiome composition from T. magnatum originating from Italy, Croatia, Hungary, and Serbia, and tested if truffle aroma is dependent on provenance and if fruiting body volatiles are explained by maturity and/or microbiome composition.Headspace volatile profiles were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O) and aroma of fruiting body extracts were sensorially assessed. Fruiting body maturity were estimated through spore melanisation. Bacterial community was determined using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing.Main odour active compounds were present in all truffles but varied in concentration. Aroma of truffle extracts were sensorially discriminated by sites. However, volatile profiles of individual fruiting bodies varied more within sites than across geographic area, while maturity level did not play a role. Microbiome composition varied highly and was partially explained by provenance. A few rare bacterial operational taxonomical units associated with select few non-odour active volatile compounds.Specificities of the aroma of T. magnatum truffles are more likely linked to individual properties than provenance. Some constituents of the microbiome may provide biomarkers of provenance and be linked to non-odour active volatiles.

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Reevaluation of the Life Cycle of Tuber magnatum

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.72.4.2390-2393.2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 72 (4) ◽

pp. 2390-2393 ◽

Cited By ~ 86

Author(s):

Francesco Paolocci ◽

Andrea Rubini ◽

Claudia Riccioni ◽

Sergio Arcioni

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Ploidy Level ◽

Host Plants ◽

Direct Evidence ◽

Practical Importance ◽

Root Tips ◽

Polymorphic Microsatellites ◽

Tuber Magnatum ◽

Basic Understanding ◽

Scientific Significance

ABSTRACT Tuber spp. are ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes that produce ascocarps known as truffles. Basic aspects of Tuber biology have yet to be fully elucidated. In particular, there are conflicting hypotheses concerning the mating system and the ploidy level of the mycorrhizal and truffle hyphae. We used polymorphic microsatellites to compare the allelic configurations of asci with those from the network of the surrounding hyphae in single Tuber magnatum truffles. We then used these truffles to inoculate host plants and evaluated the microsatellite configurations of the resulting mycorrhizal root tips. These analyses provide direct evidence that T. magnatum outcrosses and that its life cycle is predominantly haploid. In addition to its scientific significance, this basic understanding of the T. magnatum life cycle may have practical importance in developing strategies to obtain and select nursery-produced mycorrhizal plants as well as in the management of artificial plantations of this and other Tuber spp.

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Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Associates of Pinus contorta in Soils Associated with a Hot Spring in Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.67.12.5538-5543.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 67 (12) ◽

pp. 5538-5543 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Ken Cullings ◽

Shilpa Makhija

Keyword(s):

Forest Soil ◽

Forest Soils ◽

Pinus Contorta ◽

Dominant Species ◽

Hot Spring ◽

Acid Soils ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Root Tip ◽

Fruiting Bodies ◽

Root Tips

ABSTRACT Molecular methods and comparisons of fruiting patterns (i.e., presence or absence of fungal fruiting bodies in different soil types) were used to determine ectomycorrhizal (EM) associates of Pinus contorta in soils associated with a thermal soil classified as ultra-acidic to extremely acidic (pH 2 to 4). EM were sampled by obtaining 36 soil cores from six paired plots (three cores each) of both thermal soils and forest soils directly adjacent to the thermal area. Fruiting bodies (mushrooms) were collected for molecular identification and to compare fruiting body (above-ground) diversity to below-ground diversity. Our results indicate (i) that there were significant decreases in both the level of EM infection (130 ± 22 EM root tips/core in forest soil; 68 ± 22 EM root tips/core in thermal soil) and EM fungal species richness (4.0 ± 0.5 species/core in forest soil; 1.2 ± 0.2 species/core in thermal soil) in soils associated with the thermal feature; (ii) that the EM mycota of thermal soils was comprised of a small set of dominant species and included very few rare species, while the EM mycota of forest soils contained a few dominant species and several rare EM fungal species; (iii) that Dermocybe phoenecius and a species of Inocybe, which was rare in forest soils, were the dominant EM fungal species in thermal soils; (iv) that other than the single Inocybe species, there was no overlap in the EM fungal communities of the forest and thermal soils; and (v) that the fungal species forming the majority of the above-ground fruiting structures in thermal soils (Pisolithus tinctorius, which is commonly used in remediation of acid soils) was not detected on a single EM root tip in either type of soil. Thus, P. tinctorius may have a different role in these thermal soils. Our results suggest that this species may not perform well in remediation of all acid soils and that factors such as pH, soil temperature, and soil chemistry may interact to influence EM fungal community structure. In addition, we identified at least one new species with potential for use in remediation of hot acidic soil.

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Volatile organic compounds in truffle (Tuber magnatum Pico): comparison of samples from different regions of Italy and from different seasons

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/srep12629 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Federico Vita ◽

Cosimo Taiti ◽

Antonio Pompeiano ◽

Nadia Bazihizina ◽

Valentina Lucarotti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Volatile Organic Compounds ◽

Organic Compounds ◽

Its Region ◽

Fruiting Bodies ◽

Tuber Magnatum ◽

Volatile Organic ◽

Different Seasons ◽

Its Region Sequencing ◽

Tof Ms

Abstract In this paper volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from Tuber magnatum fruiting bodies were analyzed using a PTR-TOF-MS instrument. The aim was to characterize the VOC's profile of the fruiting bodies and identify if any VOCs were specific to a season and geographical areas. Multiple factorial analysis (MFA) was carried out on the signals obtained by MS. Experiments using ITS region sequencing proved that the T. magnatum life cycle includes the formation of fruiting bodies at two different times of the year. The VOCs profiles diverge when different seasonal and geographical productions are considered. Using PTR-TOF-MS, compounds present at levels as low pptv were detected. This made it possible to determine both the origin of fruiting bodies (Alba and San Miniato) and the two biological phases of fruiting bodies formation in San Miniato truffles.

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