Yield and Calorific Value of Bio Oil Pyrolysed from Oil Palm Biomass and its Relation with Solid Residence Time and Process Temperature

Abstract Interest in torrefaction has improved along the recent years and it has been studied extensively as a mean of preparing solid fuels. Biomass to be considered as a renewable source of energy must endeavor improvement continuously and where it is more sustainable going forward in which can come from waste product, wild and cultivated plant. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of temperature and residence time of wild Napier grass and Oil palm petiole from waste. The torrefied samples were derived by pyrolysis reactor mimicking torrefaction procedure. The temperature parameter ranges between 220 and 300 ℃ while residence time parameter is from 10 minutes to 50 minutes of reaction. It was found that as temperature and time increasing, moisture content and amount of O and H atoms decreases as well as both mass and energy yield, but calorific value and the energy density increase along with both two parameters. Between the two parameters, the temperature variation shows more significant changes to the torrefied samples as compared time. The optimized temperature and time are found to be 260 ℃ and 30 minutes, respectively. Remarkably, the usage of pyrolyzer as torrefaction reaction has proved to be a good option since they share similar characteristics while can also produce product with similar properties reflecting torrefaction process.

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Bio-oil production from pyrolysis of oil palm biomass and the upgrading technologies: A review

Carbon Resources Conversion ◽

10.1016/j.crcon.2021.10.002 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Liza Melia Terry ◽

Claudia Li ◽

Jiuan Jing Chew ◽

Aqsha Aqsha ◽

Bing Shen How ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Oil Production ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Oil Palm Biomass

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Bio-oil production from oil palm biomass via subcritical and supercritical hydrothermal liquefaction

The Journal of Supercritical Fluids ◽

10.1016/j.supflu.2014.10.014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 95 ◽

pp. 407-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

Yi Herng Chan ◽

Suzana Yusup ◽

Armando T. Quitain ◽

Yoshimitsu Uemura ◽

Mitsuru Sasaki

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Oil Production ◽

Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Oil Palm Biomass

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Characteristics of Hydrochars Derived from Glucose, Protein, and Cellulose by Hydrothermal Carbonization Treatment

Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy ◽

10.1166/jbmb.2021.2030 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 97-104

Author(s):

Peiru Zhu ◽

Jiayang Liu ◽

Jun Ma ◽

Lian Li ◽

Xueying Zhang

Keyword(s):

Residence Time ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽

Carbon Microspheres ◽

Wet Biomass ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Higher Temperature ◽

Absolute Advantage

With hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) treatment, wet biomass can be rapidly converted into hydrochar product with high-carbon content and calorific value. The current study employed glucose, protein, and cellulose as raw materials to investigate the effects of reaction temperature and residence time on characteristics of hydrochars. Results showed that the optimal reaction temperatures for glucose, protein, and cellulose were 240 °C, 190 °C and 220 °C, respectively. The optimal residence times were 4 h, 3 h and 4 h respectively, under which carbon microspheres with smooth surface and uniform particle size tended to form. The increased temperature promoted decomposition of bio-oil in the hydrothermal system and improved the quality of carbon microspheres, but much higher temperature deformed the surface of the carbon microspheres. Appropriate residence time ensured full growth of carbon microspheres but excessive residence time made the formed carbon microspheres to crosslink with each other, causing roughness to the surface. In addition, comparison of the specific surface area showed that the cellulose carbon microspheres exhibited an absolute advantage.

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The Performances of Intimately Mix and Layer Methods in Microwave Assisted Pyrolysis System

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.554.150 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 554 ◽

pp. 150-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Faisal Mushtaq ◽

Ramli Mat ◽

Farid Nasir Ani

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Pyrolysis Product ◽

High Energy ◽

Process Temperature ◽

Microwave Assisted ◽

Palm Shell ◽

Layer Method ◽

Oil Palm Shell ◽

Bio Oil

The oil palm shell was subjected to multimode microwave pyrolysis at a fixed microwave power of 300W at 2.54GHz using intimately mix and layer microwave heating methods to observe process temperature, pyrolysis product and bio-oil composition at various levels of Coconut Activated Carbon (CAC). The results indicated that the layers method achieved higher bio-oil yield with complete uniformity of process temperature at high CAC loading compared to intimate mix method. The increased CAC loading increased selectivity towards phenol in bio-oil with maximum phenol 80.23 %area and 51.77%area under GC-MS at 75wt% CAC loading using intimately mix and layer method, respectively. The layer method produced a new product 1,1-dimethyl hydrazine of 11.24–13.01 %area in bio-oils which was not found of using intimately mix method. The 1,1-dimethly hydrazine is an important source of high energy fuel. Keywords: Oil palm shell; intimately mix method; layer method; coconut activated carbon; microwave assisted pyrolysis; heating profile; bio-oil

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Optimization and Characterization on Elemental and Crystallinity Index of Torrefied Biochar from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering - Special Issue ◽

10.35940/ijitee.l1131.10812s219 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (12S2) ◽

pp. 758-762

Keyword(s):

Residence Time ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Crystallinity Index ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Optimization Analysis ◽

Holding Temperature

This research was conducted to optimize the torrefied oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) biochar yield from torrefaction process as an alternative renewable energy sources. The influence of three major torrefaction parameters namely particle size, holding temperature and residence time on calorific values was investigated. By using the response surface method (RSM), Box-Benhken model had been applied for generating shortest experiment run, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) had been utilized for optimization analysis. From ANOVA, the suggested parameters were the torrefaction at 300°C of holding temperature and 90 minutes of residence time in case to obtain the highest calorific value. Characterization of torrefied OPEFB biochar by elemental analyser and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were conducted to support the data. The carbon element in the torrefied OPEFB biochar was increased when the holding temperature and residence time increased while oxygen element amount is decreasing. This is due to decomposition of hemicellulose occurred in this region. For crystallinity index (CrI) by XRD, there was decreasing pattern occurred as the holding temperature and residence time increased from 200 – 300°C and 30 – 90 minutes respectively. This showes that the torrefied OPEFB biochar’s cellulose crystallinity is reduced as the cellulose become completely amorphous.

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Catalytic and Thermal Cracking of Bio-Oil from Oil-Palm Empty Fruit Bunches, in Batch Reactor

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.22146/ijc.44076 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 1000

Author(s):

Santiyo Wibowo ◽

Lisna Efiyanti ◽

Gustan Pari

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Liquid Product ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Product Yield ◽

Catalyst Characterization ◽

Impregnation Method ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Bio Oil

The world’s potency of fossil-derived petroleum fuels has declined steadily, while its consumption continues to rise ominously. Therefore, several countries have started to develop renewable fuels like bio-oil from biomass. Relevantly, the aim of this research was to explore the technical feasibility of upgrading the qualities of crude bio-oil (CBO) produced from the pyrolysis on oil-palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) using Ni/NZA catalyst in a batch reactor. The natural zeolite (NZ) was activated by HCL 6 N and NH4Cl (obtained sample NZA). Supporting Ni onto NZA was conducted with an impregnation method using a salt precursor of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O followed by calcination with a temperature of 500 °C. Catalyst characterization includes determining the site of TO4 (T = Si or Al) in zeolites, acidity, crystallinity, and catalyst morphology. Cracking reaction of CBO was carried out in batch reactor in varied temperatures of 250 and 300 °C with the variation of catalyst weight of 0, 4, 6, and 8% toward CBO. Several analyses of the liquid product such as product yield, specific gravity, pH, viscosity, calorific value, and chemical compound were conducted. The results showed that acidification and Ni loading on zeolite samples increased their acidity. The optimum CBO’s cracking condition was judged to be the temperature of 300 °C with 6% Ni/NZA catalyst use, whereby the fuel yield reached 26.42% and dominated by particular compounds comprising phenol, octanoic acid, and alkane hydrocarbons. Under such conditions, the characteristics of fuel were pH 3.54, specific gravity 0.995, viscosity 14.3 cSt, and calorific value 30.85 MJ/kg.

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Bio-Oils Characteristic from Oil Palm Biomass from Different Fast Pyrolysis Techniques

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.554.266 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 554 ◽

pp. 266-270 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Farid Nasir Ani ◽

Arshad Adam Salema ◽

Ismail Hasan

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Fast Pyrolysis ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Value Added ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Oil Palm Biomass ◽

Processing Techniques ◽

Value Added Products ◽

Key Parameter

Pyrolysis is one of the effective ways to convert biomass into energy and value added products. Till date, no comparative study has been done on the characteristic of bio-oils of oil palm shell (OPS) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) from various fast pyrolysis techniques. This includes fluidized bed, fixed bed, rotating cone, microwave and others. Thus, the main objective of this paper was to analyze the characteristics of OPS and EFB bio-oils obtained from these processing techniques. Temperature was found to be the key parameter for the quality of bio-oils. Besides the various pyrolysis techniques, the lignocellulosic constituents of oil palm biomass also influence the chemical composition of the bio-oils. Overall, chemical analysis of OPS and EFB bio-oil through GC-MS has shown variation in the amount of phenol and its derivatives.

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Bio-Oil Production under Sub- and Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Kernel Shell

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.881 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 625 ◽

pp. 881-884 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yi Herng Chan ◽

Suzana Yusup ◽

Armando T. Quitain ◽

Yoshimitsu Uemura

Keyword(s):

Supercritical Water ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Supercritical Conditions ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Oil Palm Biomass

Two types of Malaysian oil palm biomass; namely Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) and Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) are liquefied using sub-and supercritical water to produce bio-oil. Effects of temperatures (360, 390 and 450 °C) and pressures (25, 30 and 35 MPa) of the liquefaction of biomass on the bio-oil yields are investigated. The optimum liquefaction conditions for EFB and PKS using water are at supercritical conditions. PKS which consists of higher lignin content yields maximum bio-oil of about 41.3 wt % at temperature of 450 °C and the bio-oil yield from EFB is about 37.4 wt % at temperature of 390 °C.

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