Catalytic and Thermal Cracking of Bio-Oil from Oil-Palm Empty Fruit Bunches, in Batch Reactor

The world’s potency of fossil-derived petroleum fuels has declined steadily, while its consumption continues to rise ominously. Therefore, several countries have started to develop renewable fuels like bio-oil from biomass. Relevantly, the aim of this research was to explore the technical feasibility of upgrading the qualities of crude bio-oil (CBO) produced from the pyrolysis on oil-palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) using Ni/NZA catalyst in a batch reactor. The natural zeolite (NZ) was activated by HCL 6 N and NH4Cl (obtained sample NZA). Supporting Ni onto NZA was conducted with an impregnation method using a salt precursor of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O followed by calcination with a temperature of 500 °C. Catalyst characterization includes determining the site of TO4 (T = Si or Al) in zeolites, acidity, crystallinity, and catalyst morphology. Cracking reaction of CBO was carried out in batch reactor in varied temperatures of 250 and 300 °C with the variation of catalyst weight of 0, 4, 6, and 8% toward CBO. Several analyses of the liquid product such as product yield, specific gravity, pH, viscosity, calorific value, and chemical compound were conducted. The results showed that acidification and Ni loading on zeolite samples increased their acidity. The optimum CBO’s cracking condition was judged to be the temperature of 300 °C with 6% Ni/NZA catalyst use, whereby the fuel yield reached 26.42% and dominated by particular compounds comprising phenol, octanoic acid, and alkane hydrocarbons. Under such conditions, the characteristics of fuel were pH 3.54, specific gravity 0.995, viscosity 14.3 cSt, and calorific value 30.85 MJ/kg.

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Comparison of Cr/C and Cr2O3/Z Catalysts on Hydrocracking of Bio Oil from Pyrolysis of Palm Empty Fruit Bunches

Molekul ◽

10.20884/1.jm.2021.16.3.812 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 244

Author(s):

Zainal Fanani ◽

Hasanuddin Hasanuddin ◽

Addy Rachmat ◽

Muhammad Said

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Liquid Product ◽

Hydrogen Gas ◽

Impregnation Method ◽

Pyridine Adsorption ◽

Xrd Pattern ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Oxidation Reduction ◽

Bio Oil

Bio-oil derived from palm empty fruit bunch is not suitable for fuel purpose due to high acidity and low heating. Cr2O3/Zeolite and Cr/C catalysts was developed to upgrade bio-oil through hydrocracking. The catalyst prepared via impregnation method followed by oxidation-reduction. Ammonia and pyridine adsorption used to evaluate acidity as well as crystallinity assessment by using XRD. Hydrocracking reaction conducted in hydrogen gas flow rates 0.5-3.0 L/min, the surface area of Cr/C catalyst found out 1,497.07-1,652.58 m2/g, whilst the temperatures 450 to 700 ℃ and the catalyst weights between 0.5 to 2.5 g. Acidity calculated from ammonia and pyridine adsorption shows Cr2O3/Zeolite has higher value compare to pristine Zeolite. XRD pattern shows Cr2O3/Zeolite has high crystallinity as indicated by sharp and pointed diffraction peaks. The optimum condition of hydrocracking confirmed by lower density of liquid product. The variables obtained by a separate experiments shows that H2 gas flow rate best at 2.5 L/min, temperature of hydrocracking 500 ℃ for Cr2O3/Zeolite and 600oC for Cr/C whereas weight of Cr2O3/Zeolite catalyst is 1.5 g. The Cr/C catalyst that gave low density product possess 1,554.48 m2/g surface area. GCMS data shows increase on the number of straight chain compounds within the hydrocracking product.

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Production and characterization of the maximum liquid product obtained from co-pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse and thermocol waste

10.21203/rs.3.rs-184413/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sowhm Swain Mohapatra ◽

Raghubansh Kumar Singh

Keyword(s):

Sugarcane Bagasse ◽

Internal Combustion Engines ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Liquid Product ◽

Compositional Analysis ◽

Value Added ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Combustion Engines ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Pyrolysis Liquid

Abstract The current study explores co-pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse, and thermocol waste in a semi-batch reactor to evaluate the influence of temperature, and blending ratio on yield of products, and reaction time, and thereby characterize the maximum liquid product. The properties of liquid product (bio-oil), and the solid product (bio-char) obtained from thermal sugarcane bagasse, and co-pyrolysis sugarcane bagasse: thermocol waste bio-oil were investigated for physicochemical characterizations. The compositional analysis result of the co-pyrolysis liquid product established the presence of several aromatic compounds. The co-pyrolysis liquid product manifested a higher calorific value, carbon, and hydrogen content as compared to sugarcane bagasse thermal pyrolysis bio-oil. The co-pyrolysis liquid product can be used as a liquid fuel in internal combustion engines, as well as a precursor for value-added chemicals. The properties of bio-char suggested it can be used as a solid fuel, as well as an adsorbent.

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IMPROVING BIO-OIL QUALITY VIA CO-PYROLYSIS EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES AND POLYPROPILEN PLASTIC WASTE

Konversi ◽

10.20527/k.v10i2.11384 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Sunarno Sunarno ◽

Alfi Randi ◽

Panca Setia Utama ◽

Silvia Reni Yenti ◽

Wisrayetti Wisrayetti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Pyrolysis Temperature ◽

Oil Quality ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Plastic Waste ◽

Fuel Oil ◽

Raw Material ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Bio Oil

The current consumption of fuel oil, especially gasoline and diesel oil, is increasing. Along with the decline in production, national oil production activities encourage efforts to find alternative fuels as a substitute for oil-based energy supplies. Bio-oil is an environmentally friendly alternative fuel for diesel that can be used as fuel. In this study, the raw materials were palm oil empty bunches and polypropylene plastic waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the ratio of raw material for oil palm empty fruit bunches and polypropylene, the effect of co-pyrolysis temperature on the yield of bio-oil and determine the characteristics of the resulting bio-oil. This study used the variable ratio of oil palm empty fruit bunches and polypropylene (100:0, 80:20, 70:30 and 60:40) and co-pyrolysis temperature (400, 450, 500 and 550 °C). The results showed that the highest yield of bio-oil was obtained, namely 41.6% with a ratio of EFB: PP (80:20) at temperature of 450 °C. The characterization of the product obtained was density of 0.891 g/ml, viscosity of 4.18 cSt, pH of 3.38 and calorific value of 43.2 MJ/kg.

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Production of Biofuel via Catalytic Hydrocracking of Kapuk (Ceiba pentandra) Seed Oil with NiMo/HZSM-5 Catalyst

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201815606001 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 156 ◽

pp. 06001 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

I Gede Andy Andika Parahita ◽

Yustia Wulandari Mirzayanti ◽

Ignatius Gunardi ◽

Achmad Roesyadi ◽

Danawati Hari Prajitno

Keyword(s):

Alternative Energy ◽

Seed Oil ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Liquid Product ◽

Hydrocarbon Composition ◽

Organic Content ◽

Incipient Wetness Impregnation ◽

Impregnation Method ◽

Ceiba Pentandra ◽

Hydrocracking Process

Biofuel is one of alternative energy that is being developed today to solve the problem of limited fossil fuel as an energy source. The goal of this study is to produce biofuel from kapuk (Ceiba pentandra) seed oil (KSO) through catalytic hydrocracking process using NiMo/HZSM-5 catalyst. NiMo/HZSM-5 catalyst was obtained by impregnation of nickel and molybdenum as metallic precursors on HZSM-5 catalyst as support using incipient wetness impregnation method. It was found that the surface area of the catalyst was 222.1350 m2/g, the pore diameter was 3.0148 nm and the pore volume was 0.1674 cm3/g. The diffraction peaks of nickel oxide phase and the metallic phase of nickel were observed at 2θ of 62.5102° and 51.7283°. Molybdenum oxide phases were observed at 2θ of 53.5674° and 60.4682°. The catalytic hydrocracking process was performed using slurry pressure batch reactor at the temperature of 350°C for 2 h. The obtained liquid product was analyzed using GC-MS in order to determine the organic content. It has been found that the highest compounds were the palmitic acid with 23.14 area%. Besides, the hydrocarbon composition consisted of 33.93 area% (i.e. 4.34 area% cycloparaffins, 16.02 area% n-paraffins, 12.26 area% olefins, and 1.30 area% of aromatics) and 58.73 area% of carboxylic acid. Thus, it can be concluded that NiMo/HZSM-5 catalyst can convert KSO into biofuel through catalytic hydrocracking process at the temperature of 350°C for 2 h.

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Influence of Fuel Moisture Content and Reactor Temperature on the Calorific Value of Syngas Resulted from Gasification of Oil Palm Fronds

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2014/121908 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Samson Mekbib Atnaw ◽

Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman ◽

Suzana Yusup

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Fuel Gas ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Oil Palm Fronds ◽

Reactor Temperature ◽

Palm Fronds ◽

Fuel Moisture Content ◽

Zone Temperature

Biomass wastes produced from oil palm mills and plantations include empty fruit bunches (EFBs), shells, fibers, trunks, and oil palm fronds (OPF). EFBs and shells are partially utilized as boiler fuel while the rest of the biomass materials like OPF have not been utilized for energy generation. No previous study has been reported on gasification of oil palm fronds (OPF) biomass for the production of fuel gas. In this paper, the effect of moisture content of fuel and reactor temperature on downdraft gasification of OPF was experimentally investigated using a lab scale gasifier of capacity 50 kW. In addition, results obtained from equilibrium model of gasification that was developed for facilitating the prediction of syngas composition are compared with experimental data. Comparison of simulation results for predicting calorific value of syngas with the experimental results showed a satisfactory agreement with a mean error of 0.1 MJ/Nm3. For a biomass moisture content of 29%, the resulting calorific value for the syngas was found to be only 2.63 MJ/Nm3, as compared to nearly double (4.95 MJ/Nm3) for biomass moisture content of 22%. A calorific value as high as 5.57 MJ/Nm3was recorded for higher oxidation zone temperature values.

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CONVERSION OF PRE-TREATED OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES INTO BIO-OIL AND BIO-CHAR VIA FAST PYROLYSIS

Journal of Oil Palm Research ◽

10.21894/jopr.2018.0006 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

MOHAMAD AZRI SUKIRAN

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Fast Pyrolysis ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Bio Oil

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Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Fiber-Supported Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst for Esterification of Oleic Acid: Effect of Different Transition Metal Sulfate

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.26272 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4.35) ◽

pp. 870

Author(s):

Shamala Gowri Krishnan ◽

Fei-ling Pua ◽

Kumaran Palanisamy ◽

Sharifah Nabihah Syed Jaafar ◽

Koguleshun Subramaniam

Keyword(s):

Oleic Acid ◽

Transition Metal ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Acid Catalyst ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Impregnation Method ◽

Metal Sulfate ◽

X Ray ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst

This paper presents the investigation of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber-supported heterogeneous acid catalyst that was prepared via direct impregnation method by using various types of transition metal sulfates, including Fe2(SO4)3, NiSO4.6H2O, and CuSO4. The EFB fiber-supported heterogeneous acid catalyst was applied for esterification of oleic acid. Hence, structural, chemical, morphological, and elemental properties of the catalyst were examined through the use of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. Meanwhile, the acidity properties of each catalyst were characterized via acid density test. The prepared catalyst, which had been loaded with Fe2(SO4)3, exhibited the highest acid density up to 2.4 mmol/g. Next, the catalytic activity of the heterogeneous acid catalyst was further investigated through esterification of oleic acid at 60°C with 5 wt% catalyst loading for 2 hours of reaction time. The prepared catalyst, which was loaded with Fe2(SO4)3, again displayed the high esterification conversion rate at 93.90% and was used up to five reaction cycles.

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Biomass Pellets from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OP-EFB)

ICONIET PROCEEDING ◽

10.33555/iconiet.v2i1.12 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 65-68

Author(s):

Rahman Farhan Aditya

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Proximate Analysis ◽

Raw Material ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Binder Ratio ◽

Binder Concentration

Oil Palm growths in Indonesia are getting higher every year. Oil palm plantationproduced various waste, including oil palm empty fruit bunches (OP-EFB). 95 % Indonesia energy demand still provided by the fossil fuel and only 5 % provided by renewable energy, which provide opportunity of OP-EFB biomass pellets to be utilized as alternative resource. The research of biomass still low, especially research of OP-EFB biomass pellets. Therefore, the research objectives were to determine the production process of OP-EFB and to define the most effective binder and binder ratio for the biomass pellets. This research experiments consist of shredding, chopping, drying, grinding, and sieving as raw material pretreatment. Also, varying the binder and binder concentration of the mixture between raw materials was the part of this thesis research. The binders used in this thesis research are PVAC paste and tapioca based paste with 4 variations of concentration. The analyses of the biomass pellets characteristic are density,compressive strength, proximate analysis (moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon), calorific value, combustion rate, and gas chromatographic & mass spectroscopy (GCMS). The result shows that OP-EFB biomass pellets are qualified to be considered as biomass pellets. The most effective OP-EFB biomass pellets is biomass pellets with 10% tapioca binder concentration.

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