scholarly journals Torrefaction of Napier Grass and Oil Palm Petiole Waste Using Drop-type Pyrolysis Reactor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syazmi Zul Arif Hakimi Saadon ◽  
Noridah Osman ◽  
Moviin Damodaran ◽  
Shan En Liew
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Pyrolysis Reactor ◽  
Parameter Ranges ◽  
Two Parameters

Abstract Interest in torrefaction has improved along the recent years and it has been studied extensively as a mean of preparing solid fuels. Biomass to be considered as a renewable source of energy must endeavor improvement continuously and where it is more sustainable going forward in which can come from waste product, wild and cultivated plant. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of temperature and residence time of wild Napier grass and Oil palm petiole from waste. The torrefied samples were derived by pyrolysis reactor mimicking torrefaction procedure. The temperature parameter ranges between 220 and 300 ℃ while residence time parameter is from 10 minutes to 50 minutes of reaction. It was found that as temperature and time increasing, moisture content and amount of O and H atoms decreases as well as both mass and energy yield, but calorific value and the energy density increase along with both two parameters. Between the two parameters, the temperature variation shows more significant changes to the torrefied samples as compared time. The optimized temperature and time are found to be 260 ℃ and 30 minutes, respectively. Remarkably, the usage of pyrolyzer as torrefaction reaction has proved to be a good option since they share similar characteristics while can also produce product with similar properties reflecting torrefaction process.

scholarly journals Torrefaction of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Pellets under Mild-to-Severe Temperature Conditions through Thermogravimetric Analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bemgba Bevan Nyakuma ◽  
Arshad Ahmad ◽  
Anwar Johari ◽  
Tuan Amran Tuan Abdullah ◽  
Olagoke Oladokun
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Severity Factor ◽  
Degradation Behaviour ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Recovery Potential ◽  
Lignocellulosic Wastes

Malaysia generates significant quantities of lignocellulosic wastes through the production of crude palm oil (CPO). Over the years, the accumulation of the oil palm wastes (OPW) have become an environmental burden. These problems can be addressed by pretreatment and valorisation of OPW in bioenergy as envisioned in the National Biomass Strategy (NBS-2020). However, current strategies for the OPW valorisation are inefficient and unsustainable resulting in increased environmental challenges. Therefore, this paper proposes the pelletization and torrefaction of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). Furthermore, the thermal degradation behaviour and potential product yields from OPEFB pellet torrefaction will be examined. The results revealed that the mass yield (MY) decreased from 67.89% to 33.11%, whereas energy yield (EY) decreased from 88.29% to 49.18% as the torrefaction temperature increased from 250 °C to 350 °C. However, the energy density (DE) increased from 1.30 to 1.49 due to the increase in higher heating value (HHV) from 22.85 MJ/kg to 26.10 MJ/kg. Likewise, the severity factor (SF) increased from 5.89 to 8.84 with increasing torrefaction temperature. The results also revealed that effect of temperature on the torrefaction parameters; MY, EY, DE, and HHV are slightly reduced after 300 °C. Overall, the findings demonstrate that torrefaction improved the fuel properties and energy recovery potential of the OPEFB pellets.

scholarly journals Yield and Calorific Value of Bio Oil Pyrolysed from Oil Palm Biomass and its Relation with Solid Residence Time and Process Temperature

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chin Kit Ling ◽  
H`ng Paik San ◽  
Eng Hooi Kyin ◽  
Lee Seng Hua ◽  
Lum Wei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Process Temperature ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Oil Palm Biomass ◽  
Solid Residence Time

scholarly journals Optimization and Characterization on Elemental and Crystallinity Index of Torrefied Biochar from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12S2) ◽  
pp. 758-762
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Optimization Analysis ◽  
Holding Temperature

This research was conducted to optimize the torrefied oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) biochar yield from torrefaction process as an alternative renewable energy sources. The influence of three major torrefaction parameters namely particle size, holding temperature and residence time on calorific values was investigated. By using the response surface method (RSM), Box-Benhken model had been applied for generating shortest experiment run, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) had been utilized for optimization analysis. From ANOVA, the suggested parameters were the torrefaction at 300°C of holding temperature and 90 minutes of residence time in case to obtain the highest calorific value. Characterization of torrefied OPEFB biochar by elemental analyser and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were conducted to support the data. The carbon element in the torrefied OPEFB biochar was increased when the holding temperature and residence time increased while oxygen element amount is decreasing. This is due to decomposition of hemicellulose occurred in this region. For crystallinity index (CrI) by XRD, there was decreasing pattern occurred as the holding temperature and residence time increased from 200 – 300°C and 30 – 90 minutes respectively. This showes that the torrefied OPEFB biochar’s cellulose crystallinity is reduced as the cellulose become completely amorphous.

scholarly journals Microwave Torrefaction of Oat Hull: Effect of Temperature and Residence Time

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4298
Author(s):  
Esteban Valdez ◽  
Lope G. Tabil ◽  
Edmund Mupondwa ◽  
Duncan Cree ◽  
Hadi Moazed
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Processing Times ◽  
Physicochemical Changes

Microwave torrefaction of oat hull was conducted to enhance its physicochemical properties. A bench-top reactor with an internal stirrer was used for oat hull pretreatment at temperatures of 225 °C, 255 °C, and 285 °C, and residence times of 3, 6, and 9 min, respectively. Results showed that a high temperature level at 3 min residence time or severe torrefaction increased calorific values by up to 35% of its original value, while decreasing mass yield down to 60.77%. Severe torrefaction further decreased moisture absorption, moisture content, and grinding energy consumption but decreased energy yield and bulk density. Residence time had no significant effect on biomass physicochemical changes; however, production cost may be significantly increased by longer residence times. It was also concluded that increased microwave power levels from 400 to 650 W decreased energy consumption by shortening processing times, resulting in a positive economic impact of the process. Moderate and severe torrefaction significantly enhanced biomass fuel properties, and short residence times are recommended in order to decrease electricity consumption. In addition, microwave pretreatment enhances biomass in a similar way to conventional torrefaction, but at a faster processing time. Moreover, the liquid fraction as a by-product may represent a valuable product for the food industry.

scholarly journals Organic acid-assisted catalytic wet torrefaction of oil palm trunks (OPT)

2021 ◽  
Vol 1195 (1) ◽  
pp. 012024
Author(s):  
M Soh ◽  
J J Chew ◽  
J Sunarso
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Yield Value

Abstract Oil palm trunks (OPT) are attractive bio-fuel sources given their abundant availability. Nonetheless, the inherent properties of these biomass can lead to their inefficient use as bio-fuel directly. This work utilizes four organic acids (i.e., acetic, formic, levulinic, and citric acid) as catalyst in wet torrefaction to enhance the fuel properties of OPT hydrochar. In this study, the effects of different catalysts, catalyst concentrations, and residence times on the fuel properties of OPT hydrochar are analyzed. To study the effect of residence time, 0.2M of acid concentration was used for all four acids at 220 °C for 3 hr and 24 hr. Meanwhile, study on the effect of catalyst concentration was performed at 220 °C for 24 hr at 0.2M and 1.0M for all four acids. Increasing the residence time decreased the solid yield of OPT hydrochar treated in deionized water, acetic, formic, and levulinic acid, while wet torrefaction in citric acid results in close solid yield value in both residence time. The energy yield was observed to decrease in all liquid medium with increasing residence time except for formic acid and citric acid. On the other hand, increasing the acid concentration increased the OPT hydrochar solid yield in all acids except formic acid and the highest energy yield of 77.08% was obtained from wet torrefaction in 1.0M of citric acid at 220 °C for 24 hr. In summary, citric acid is an environmentally friendly acid to be used as catalyst to enhance the fuel properties of OPT hydrochar. Further study on the reaction mechanisms that governs such fuel properties enhancement with citric acid is warranted.

scholarly journals Valorization of Prosopis juliflora Woody Biomass in Northeast Brazilian through Dry Torrefaction

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3465
Author(s):  
José Airton de Mattos Carneiro-Junior ◽  
Giulyane Felix de de Oliveira ◽  
Carine Tondo Alves ◽  
Heloysa Martins Carvalho Andrade ◽  
Silvio Alexandre Beisl Vieira de Beisl Vieira de Melo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calorific Value ◽  
Isoconversional Methods ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
Prosopis Juliflora ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Pyrolysis Kinetics ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
Solid Biofuel

Torrefaction has been investigated to improve the desirable properties of biomass as solid biofuel, usually used in natura as firewood in several countries. This paper has the main objective to present a broad characterization of the biomass Prosopis juliflora (P. juliflora), investigating its potential as a solid biofuel after its torrefaction process. The methodology was based on different procedures. The experimental runs were carried out at 230, 270, and 310 °C for 30 min, using a bench-scale torrefaction apparatus, with an inert atmosphere. In order to investigate the effect of temperature in constant time, torrefaction parameters were calculated, such as mass yield, energy yield, calorific value, base-to-acid ratio (B/A), and the alkaline index (AI). The physicochemical properties of the torrefied samples were determined and thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the kinetic parameters at four different heating rates of 5, 10, 20, and 30 °C/min. Pyrolysis kinetics was investigated using the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) isoconversional methods. Highly thermally stable biofuels were obtained due to the great degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose during torrefaction at higher temperatures. The highest heating value (HHV) of the samples varied between 18.3 and 23.1 MJ/kg, and the energy yield between 81.1 and 96.2%. The results indicate that P. juliflora torrefied becomes a more attractive and competitive solid biofuel alternative in the generation of heat and energy in northeast Brazil.

scholarly journals Effect of the Incorporation of Biomass in the Carbonization of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment

Proceedings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Roberta Mota-Panizio ◽  
Luis F. Carmo-Calado ◽  
Octávio Alves ◽  
Catarina Nobre ◽  
J. L. Silveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heating Rate ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Carbonization Process ◽  
Chlorine Removal

The behavior of chars from the carbonization process were studied when the lignocellulosic biomass was incorporated into the waste of electrical and electronic equipment for chlorine removal. Tests were performed at 300°C with a heating rate of 15°C/min and residence time of 60 min. Compositions studied had 100, 75, 50, 25 and 0% of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in the mixtures. The composition of 50% WEEE with 50% lignocellulosic biomass presented the best char properties, having an increment of the calorific value in 5.5% relative to the initial value, and chlorine removal of 23.4% when compared to the forestry biomass.

scholarly journals Preparation of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Hydrolysate

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Hironaga Akita ◽  
Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusoff ◽  
Shinji Fujimoto
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Treatment ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Glucose Content

Malaysia is the second largest palm oil producer and exporter globally. When crude palm oil is produced in both plantations and oil processing mills, a large amount of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is simultaneously produced as a waste product. Here, we describe the preparation of hydrolysate from OPEFB. After OPEFB was hydrothermally treated at 180–200 °C, the resultant liquid phase was subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, while the solid phase was used for acidic and enzymatic hydrolysis. Hemicellulose yield from the acid-treated solid phase decreased from 153 mg/g-OPEFB to 27.5 mg/g-OPEFB by increasing the hydrothermal treatment temperature from 180 to 200 °C. Glucose yield from the enzyme-treated solid phase obtained after hydrothermal treatment at 200 °C was the highest (234 ± 1.90 mg/g-OPEFB, 61.7% production efficiency). In contrast, xylose, mannose, galactose, and arabinose yields in the hydrolysate prepared from the solid phase hydrothermally treated at 200 °C were the lowest. Thus, we concluded that the optimum temperature for hydrothermal pretreatment was 200 °C, which was caused by the low hemicellulose yield. Based on these results, we have established an effective method for preparing OPEFB hydrolysates with high glucose content.

scholarly journals Torrefaction of Agricultural Residues: Effect of Temperature and Residence Time on the Process Products Properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Jagodzińska ◽  
Michał Czerep ◽  
Edyta Kudlek ◽  
Mateusz Wnukowski ◽  
Marek Pronobis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Main Compound ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Impact

Abstract To date, few studies on the potential utilization of agricultural residue torrefaction products have been performed. Thus, torrefaction product characterization aimed at its potential utilization was performed. Wheat–barley straw pellets and wheat–rye chaff were used in the study. The impact of the torrefaction temperature (280–320 °C) on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content in the biochar and noncondensable gas (noncondensables) composition was investigated. The impact of the torrefaction time (30–75 min) on the composition of the condensable volatiles (condensables) and their toxicity were also studied. The torrefaction process was performed in a batch-scale reactor. The PAH contents were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the noncondensables composition was measured online using a gas analyzer and then gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The condensables composition and main compound quantification were determined and quantified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Three toxicity tests, for saltwater bacteria (Microtox® bioassay), freshwater crustaceans (Daphtoxkit F magna®), and vascular plants (Lemna sp. growth inhibition test), were performed for the condensables. The PAHs content in the biochar, regardless of the torrefaction temperature, allows them to be used in agriculture. The produced torgas shall be co-combusted with full-caloric fuel because of its low calorific value. Toxic compounds (furans and phenols) were identified in the condensable samples, and regardless of the processing time, the condensables were classified as highly toxic. Therefore, they can be used either as pesticides or as an anaerobic digestion substrate after their detoxification.

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