scholarly journals Optimization and Characterization on Elemental and Crystallinity Index of Torrefied Biochar from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12S2) ◽  
pp. 758-762
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Optimization Analysis ◽  
Holding Temperature

This research was conducted to optimize the torrefied oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) biochar yield from torrefaction process as an alternative renewable energy sources. The influence of three major torrefaction parameters namely particle size, holding temperature and residence time on calorific values was investigated. By using the response surface method (RSM), Box-Benhken model had been applied for generating shortest experiment run, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) had been utilized for optimization analysis. From ANOVA, the suggested parameters were the torrefaction at 300°C of holding temperature and 90 minutes of residence time in case to obtain the highest calorific value. Characterization of torrefied OPEFB biochar by elemental analyser and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were conducted to support the data. The carbon element in the torrefied OPEFB biochar was increased when the holding temperature and residence time increased while oxygen element amount is decreasing. This is due to decomposition of hemicellulose occurred in this region. For crystallinity index (CrI) by XRD, there was decreasing pattern occurred as the holding temperature and residence time increased from 200 – 300°C and 30 – 90 minutes respectively. This showes that the torrefied OPEFB biochar’s cellulose crystallinity is reduced as the cellulose become completely amorphous.

scholarly journals Effect of Heating Temperature and Residence Time on Morphology and Bonding Behavior of Torrefied Biochar from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12S2) ◽  
pp. 426-431
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Holding Temperature

This study was conducted to identify the potential of torrefied oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) biochar as a renewable energy sources by underwent torrefaction process based on holding temperature and residence time. The process has been carried out within holding temperature varied from 200 to 300°C in the absence of oxygen under low heating rate by using furnace in 30 to 90 minutes of their residence time, respectively. In brief, this study focused on the morphology as well as the bonding behavior of the torrefied OPEFB biochar due to its properties and functional groups in order to enhance the potential of the OPEFB as renewable energy sources by the aids of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). SEM images showed the surface morphology of OPEFB after undergo torrefaction by which it was completely decomposed by initiating pores while the structure become flattened with almost left sharp edge compared to the raw OPEFB. The changes of presence functional groups before and after the torrefaction process were observed under certain wavelength which were C=O (1750- 1680cm-1 ), N-H (3500-3100cm-1 ) and C-N (1350-1000cm-1 ). These functional groups determined the changes of functional groups as well as the wavelength whereby the degradation of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin take place.

scholarly journals Characterization on Physical and Thermal Behavior of Torrefied Biochar from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12S2) ◽  
pp. 747-752
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Behavior ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Holding Temperature

This study was aimed to determine the physical properties including physical appearance, mass yield, proximate besides calorific value and thermal behavior of torrefied oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) biochar as an alternative renewable energy sources. The influence of three major torrefaction parameters namely particle size, holding temperature and residence time on them were investigated. The thermal behavior of torrefied OPEFB biochar has been identified using TGA-DSC. The degradation is divided into three stages which are dehydration, devolatilizations and decomposition of char. During the dehydration, the moisture and water content was removed and during second stage, the volatile matter was removed along with the removal of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin while on the third stage shows the decompositions of biochar to completely degrade.

Preparation and Characterization of Kenaf and Oil Palm Nanocellulose by Acid Hydrolysis Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 1010 ◽  
pp. 495-500
Author(s):  
Nurfarah Aini Mocktar ◽  
Mohammad Khairul Azhar Abdul Razab ◽  
An'amt Mohamed Noor ◽  
Nor Hakimin Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hydrolysis Method ◽  
High Degree

Acid hydrolysis method become one of the attention among researcher to produce high degree nanocellulose. Integration of sonication process was used to stir and mix particles in an element for different stages. This paper revealed the surface morphology and crystallinity index of two organic plant that were kenaf and oil palm nanocellulose. Characterization of the nanocellulose were identified by 2 techniques; (1) field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) that provides surface morphology and elemental information of the element, (2) x-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase identification of materials crystallinity. The result showed that the properties of nanocellulose increase after sonication method have been integrated.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO-SiO2 Composite Using Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch as a Potential Silica Source

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 1061
Author(s):  
Fida’i Rahmat ◽  
Yap Wing Fen ◽  
Muhammad Fahmi Anuar ◽  
Nur Alia Sheh Omar ◽  
Mohd Hafiz Mohd Zaid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Optical Materials ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Structural And Optical Properties ◽  
Solid State Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Silica Source ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy

In this paper, the structural and optical properties of ZnO-SiO2-based ceramics fabricated from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) were investigated. The OPEFB waste was burned at 600, 700 and 800 °C to form palm ash and was then treated with sulfuric acid to extract silica from the ash. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed the existence of SiO2 in the sample. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed that the particles displayed an irregular shape and became finer after leaching. Then, the solid-state method was used to produce the ZnO-SiO2 composite and the samples were sintered at 600, 800, 1000, 1200 and 1400 °C. The XRD peaks of the Zn2SiO4 showed high intensity, which indicated high crystallinity of the composite. FESEM images proved that the grain boundaries were larger as the temperature increased. Upon obtaining the absorbance spectrum from ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, the energy band gaps obtained were 3.192, 3.202 and 3.214 eV at room temperature, 600 and 800 °C, respectively, and decreased to 3.127, 2.854 and 2.609 eV at 1000, 1200 and 1400 °C, respectively. OPEFB shows high potential as a silica source in producing promising optical materials.

scholarly journals Chemical and Structural Characterization of Maize Stover Fractions in Aspect of Its Possible Applications

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1527
Author(s):  
Magdalena Woźniak ◽  
Izabela Ratajczak ◽  
Dawid Wojcieszak ◽  
Agnieszka Waśkiewicz ◽  
Kinga Szentner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characterization ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Maize Stover

In the last decade, an increasingly common method of maize stover management is to use it for energy generation, including anaerobic digestion for biogas production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide a chemical and structural characterization of maize stover fractions and, based on these parameters, to evaluate the potential application of these fractions, including forbiogas production. In the study, maize stover fractions, including cobs, husks, leaves and stalks, were used. The biomass samples were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction and analysis of elemental composition. Among all maize stover fractions, stalks showed the highest C:N ratio, degree of crystallinity and cellulose and lignin contents. The high crystallinity index of stalks (38%) is associated with their high cellulose content (44.87%). FTIR analysis showed that the spectrum of maize stalks is characterized by the highest intensity of bands at 1512 cm−1 and 1384 cm−1, which are the characteristic bands of lignin and cellulose. Obtained results indicate that the maize stover fraction has an influence on the chemical and structural parameters. Moreover, presented results indicate that stalks are characterized by the most favorable chemical parameters for biogas production.

scholarly journals Characterization of pyrolysis products of oil palm empty fruit bunch

2021 ◽  
Vol 749 (1) ◽  
pp. 012041
Author(s):  
Slamet Handoko ◽  
N. Nurhadi ◽  
Sri mujiati ◽  
Rachma Fitriani
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Pyrolysis Products

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH WASTES USING ZINC CHLORIDE

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Riry Wirasnita ◽  
Tony Hadibarata ◽  
Abdull Rahim Mohd Yusoff ◽  
Zainab Mat Lazim
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch

An oil palm empty fruit bunch-derived activated carbon has been successfully produced by chemical activation with zinc chloride and without chemical activation. The preparation was conducted in the tube furnace at 500oC for 1 h. The surface structure and active sites of activated carbons were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The proximate analysis including moisture content, ash content, bulk density, pH, and pH at zero charge was conducted to identify the psychochemical properties of the adsorbent. The results showed that the zinc chloride-activated carbon has better characteristics compared to the carbon without chemical activation.  

scholarly journals Torrefaction of Napier Grass and Oil Palm Petiole Waste Using Drop-type Pyrolysis Reactor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syazmi Zul Arif Hakimi Saadon ◽  
Noridah Osman ◽  
Moviin Damodaran ◽  
Shan En Liew
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Pyrolysis Reactor ◽  
Parameter Ranges ◽  
Two Parameters

Abstract Interest in torrefaction has improved along the recent years and it has been studied extensively as a mean of preparing solid fuels. Biomass to be considered as a renewable source of energy must endeavor improvement continuously and where it is more sustainable going forward in which can come from waste product, wild and cultivated plant. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of temperature and residence time of wild Napier grass and Oil palm petiole from waste. The torrefied samples were derived by pyrolysis reactor mimicking torrefaction procedure. The temperature parameter ranges between 220 and 300 ℃ while residence time parameter is from 10 minutes to 50 minutes of reaction. It was found that as temperature and time increasing, moisture content and amount of O and H atoms decreases as well as both mass and energy yield, but calorific value and the energy density increase along with both two parameters. Between the two parameters, the temperature variation shows more significant changes to the torrefied samples as compared time. The optimized temperature and time are found to be 260 ℃ and 30 minutes, respectively. Remarkably, the usage of pyrolyzer as torrefaction reaction has proved to be a good option since they share similar characteristics while can also produce product with similar properties reflecting torrefaction process.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Oil Palm Waste Nanoparticles on the Properties and Characterization of Hybrid Plywood Biocomposites

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arif Nuryawan ◽  
C. Abdullah ◽  
Che Hazwan ◽  
N. Olaiya ◽  
Esam Yahya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Oil Palm Trunk ◽  
Stability Performance ◽  
Properties And Characterization

Using oil palm trunk (OPT) layered with empty fruit bunch (EFB), so-called hybrid plywood enhanced with palm oil ash nanoparticles, with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin as a binder, was produced in this study. The phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins filled with different loading of oil palm ash (OPA) nanoparticles were prepared and used as glue for layers of the oil palm trunk (OPT) veneer and empty fruit bunch fibre mat. The resulting hybrid plywood produced was characterised. The physical, mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of the hybrid plywood panels were investigated. The results obtained showed that the presence of OPA nanoparticles significantly affected the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the plywood panels. Significant improvements in dimension from water absorption and thickness swelling experiments were obtained for the plywood panels with the highest OPA nanoparticles loading in PF resin. The mechanical properties indicated that plywood composites showed improvement in flexural, shear, and impact properties until a certain loading of OPA nanoparticles in PF resin. Fracture surface morphology also showed the effectiveness of OPA nanoparticles in the reduction of layer breakage due to force and stress distribution. The thermal stability performance showed that PF filled OPA nanoparticles contributed to the thermal stability of the plywood panels. Therefore, the results obtained in this study showed that OPA nanoparticles certainly improved the characteristic of the hybrid plywood.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Nanocelluloses from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Cellulose

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (8) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwi Yuni HASTATI ◽  
Erliza HAMBALI ◽  
Khaswar SYAMSU ◽  
Endang WARSIKI
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch
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