Hepatoprotective Effects of Plasmodium berghei Infected Swiss Mice Treated with some Plant Extracts

Various types of pain were reported by people with Plasmodium falciparum and were mostly attributed to a symptom of malarial infection. Neural processes of pain sensation during malarial infection and their contributions to malaria-related death are poorly understood. Thus, these form the focus of this study. Swiss mice used for this study were randomly divided into two groups. Animals in the first group (Pb-infected group) were inoculated with Plasmodium berghei to induce malaria whilst the other group (intact group) was not infected. Formalin test was used to assess pain sensitivity in both groups and using various antagonists, the possible mechanism for deviation in pain sensitivity was probed. Also, plasma and brain samples collected from animals in both groups were subjected to biochemical and/or histological studies. The results showed that Pb-infected mice exhibited diminished pain-related behaviours to noxious chemical. The observed parasite-induced analgesia appeared to be synergistically mediated via µ-opioid, α2 and 5HT2A receptors. When varied drugs capable of decreasing pain threshold (pro-nociceptive drugs) were used, the survival rate was not significantly different in the Pb-infected mice. This showed little or no contribution of the pain processing system to malaria-related death. Also, using an anti-CD68 antibody, there was no immunopositive cell in the brain to attribute the observed effects to cerebral malaria. Although in the haematoxylin and eosin-stained tissues, there were mild morphological changes in the motor and anterior cingulate cortices. In conclusion, the pain symptom was remarkably decreased in the animal model for malaria, and thus, the model may not be appropriate for investigating malaria-linked pain as reported in humans. This is the first report showing that at a critical point, the malaria parasite caused pain-relieving effects in Swiss mice.

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GC–MS Analysis and Antimalarial Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Carica papaya against Plasmodium berghei NK65 Infection in Swiss Mice

Annual Research & Review in Biology ◽

10.9734/arrb/2020/v35i1230323 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 183-197

Author(s):

Johnson Oshiobugie Momoh ◽

Olanrewaju Anthony Damazio ◽

Omolayo Monsurat Oyegbami

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Study Design ◽

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Carica Papaya ◽

Antimalarial Activity ◽

Liver Homogenate ◽

Swiss Mice ◽

Ms Analysis ◽

Standard Procedures

Aim: The study determines the GC-MS and the anti-malarial activity of methanolic leaf extract of Carica papaya in Swiss mice infected with Plasmodium berghei NK65. Study Design: The experimental study lasted for five weeks. Place of Study: Department of Chemical Sciences (Biochemistry Unit) and animal House unit in Department of Biological Sciences (Environmental Biology Unit), School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria. Study Design and Methodology: AAS, GC-MS and phytochemical analyses were determined in the plant extract using standard procedures. Thirty-six Swiss mice of both sexes (26–32g) were divided into six groups of six mice each. Group A (normal control) was untreated and uninfected. Groups B–F were intraperitoneally inoculated with P. berghei NK65, while group B (disease control) was untreated-infected group, group C and D (standard drugs) received standard drugs, chloroquine (10 mg/kg B.WT) and artesunate (10 mg/kg B.WT); groups E and F received methanolic leaf extract of C. papaya at 400 and 600 mg/kg B.WT respectively. WBC, HCT and HGB were determined in the whole blood using BC-3200 Auto Hematology Analyzer. MDA, TP, SOD % inhibition, SOD unit, CAT and GSH were all determined in the liver homogenate using standard procedures. Results: The AAS analysis shows that the extract contains minerals like: potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and sodium. Twenty-six compounds were identified to be present in the extract using GC-MS analysis. The active compounds with their retention time, molecular weight, molecular formula, peak area and activities were predicted. The three major prevailing compounds and their percentage abundance are: squalene (27.28%), neophytadiene (12.71%) and phytol (10.16%) respectively. The phytochemical analysis indicates the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds etc. The C. papaya extract caused 56.76% and 75.53% significant (P<0.05) reduction in parasitemia at 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight respectively while chloroquine exerted 92.86% and artesunate exerted 90.67% reduction at 10 mg/kg body weight respectively carried out during curative test. The extract significantly (P<0.05) reduced WBC count and increase HGB and HCT concentration in the treated mice compared to the infected untreated mice. There were significant (p<0.05) increase in the TP, SOD % inhibition, SOD unit, GSH and CAT levels in the liver homogenate of animals treated with chloroquine, artesunate and extract of C. papaya compared to the untreated mice. MDA level was significantly decreased in the malaria treated mice compared to the untreated mice. Conclusions: The study shows that methanolic leaf extract of Carica papaya possess antimalarial activity in Swiss mice infected with Plasmodium berghei NK 65.

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Protection of renal function by four selected plant extracts during Plasmodium berghei infection

Functional Foods in Health and Disease ◽

10.31989/ffhd.v5i10.194 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (10) ◽

pp. 339 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Adewale Adetutu ◽

Olubukola Sinbad Olorunnisola ◽

Kazeem Iyanda

Keyword(s):

Renal Function ◽

Body Weight ◽

Blood Urea Nitrogen ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Malaria Infection ◽

Renal Tissue ◽

Untreated Group ◽

Urea Nitrogen

Background: Weakening of renal function from reactive oxygen species generated during malaria infection is one of the prominent causes of death in prevalent regions. The potential toxicity of free radical generated by malaria parasites are counteracted by a large number of cytoprotective phytochemicals. Therefore, this study examined the influence of extracts of five selected antimalarial plants (Azadirachta indica, Parquetina nigrescens, Citrus paradisi, and Khaya senigalensis) on reduction of inflammation in renal tissue, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels during malaria infection using Plasmodium berghei infected Swiss albino mice. For in vivo assay, mice were inoculated with 1 × 107 parasitized erythrocytes and plant extracts were subsequently administered orally at 100 mg/kg body weight once a day for 17 consecutive days. The chemo-suppressive and prophylaxis effects of the plant extracts against P. berghei were investigated and compared with those of standard antimalarial drug, chloroquine. Tail bleeding was performed to check the percentage parasitaemia by making a thin film smear on a slide, stained in Giemsa. The numbers of parasited cells against the unparasitised cells were counted using a microscope. The effect of malaria infection on renal tissue was assessed by histological analysis and measurement of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels in plasma. At 100 mg/kg per body weight, aqueous extract of K. senegalensis, A. indica, C. paradisi and P. nigrescens exhibited significant (p<0.05) percentage inhibition and chemo-suppressive effects in comparison with the chloroquine treated mice. The result of the untreated group showed that there was a significant (p<0.05) increase in the level of plasma urea while the level of the groups treated with plants extract stabilized the level of urea and creatinine in the blood. Also there was a pathological lesion on the kidney tissue of untreated group whereas the group treated with aqueous extract of A. indica, Khaya senegalensis and C. paradisi showed no lesion. It can be established that the extracts can protect and preserve renal function during malaria infection. These findings justified the use of the extracts in traditional medicine practice, for the treatment of malaria infection. Keywords: Plasmodium berghei, antimalarial plants, renal function, antiplasmodium

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Astrodaucus persicus (Boiss.) Drude: A Mini-Review on Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Effects

Tabari Biomedical Student Research Journal ◽

10.18502/tbsrj.v3i3.6929 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Faezeh Bodaghabadi ◽

Mohammad Ali Ebrahimzadeh ◽

Mohammad Hossein Hosseinzadeh

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Plant Extract ◽

Plant Extracts ◽

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Food Additives ◽

Flowering Plant ◽

Pharmacological Effects ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Antioxidant Effects ◽

Essential Oil Compounds

Astrodaucus persicus (Boiss) Drude is an annual flowering plant of the Apiaceae family. A. persicus is mainly native to Asia and grows mostly in Iran, Turkey, Syria, and Iraq. In Iran, it grows mainly in Mazandaran, Golestan, Semnan, Tehran, Qazvin, and Kurdistan provinces. In Iran and Turkey, the plant's aerial parts and young roots are traditionally used as food additives. Various studies have been performed on essential oils and plant extracts. Essential oil compounds and some plant extract compounds have been identified. Different pharmacological effects of plant extracts and essential oils have also been reported. Monoterpenes are the main constituents in the essential oils of various parts of A. persicus. Plant extract (especially plant roots extract) effectively treats breast and colorectal cancers, which seems to be due to the presence of benzodioxole compounds or the antioxidant effects in the roots. The ripe fruits of the plant have potent larvicidal effects. Also, the fruits and roots of the plant significantly inhibit Plasmodium berghei, which can be effective in treating malaria.

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Effects of levamisole on experimental infections by Plasmodium berghei in mice

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical ◽

10.1590/s0037-86821987000400002 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 193-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Enrique Melendez C. ◽

Antoniana U. Krettli

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Body Weight ◽

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Resistant Strain ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Drug Induced ◽

Stimulant Effect ◽

Swiss Mice ◽

Small Doses ◽

High Doses

Levamisole (phenylimidothiazol), considered a strong immunostimulant, when administered to healthy Swiss mice did not cause a significant increase in -the weight of their thymus, liver and spleen, even though the drug was used at different times before removing such organs. High doses ofdrug used in the 4-day prophylactic scheme had no antimalarial effect. However, when given to malaria infected mice 24 hours before, at the same time, and 24 hours after the inoculation of a chloroquine-sensitive or a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium berghei small doses of the drug induced a somewhat decreased parasitemia, the dose of 1 mg/kg body weight before the inoculum being the best scheme. The mortality rates by malaria in the levamisole treated groups were also delayed although all mice finally died. The data suggest that levamisole may display a stimulant effect on the depressed immune response caused by malaria.

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Differential role of T regulatory and Th17 in Swiss mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA and Plasmodium yoelii

Experimental Parasitology ◽

10.1016/j.exppara.2014.03.003 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 141 ◽

pp. 82-92 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Tarun Keswani ◽

Arindam Bhattacharyya

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Plasmodium Yoelii ◽

Plasmodium Berghei Anka ◽

Swiss Mice

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Phytochemical Analysis and Antiplasmodial (curative) Activities of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Morinda lucida (Ewe Oruwo) in Male Swiss Mice Infected with Plasmodium berghei NK65

International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health ◽

10.9734/ijtdh/2019/v37i130156 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Momoh Johnson Oshiobugie ◽

Damazio Olanrewaju Anthony ◽

Ajetunmobi Asibiallau Oladipupo ◽

Babalola Adenike Omosalewa ◽

Adekunle Oluwasegun Michael ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Vitamin A ◽

Plasmodium Berghei ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Liver Homogenate ◽

Haematological Parameters ◽

Swiss Albino Mice ◽

Swiss Mice ◽

Albino Mice ◽

Group B

Aim: Medicinal plants have been used for the treatment of many infections and diseases including malaria. The study was conducted to determine the effect of in vivo anti-plasmodial and antioxidant properties of the methanolic leaf extract of Morinda lucida in male Swiss albino mice infected with Plasmodium Berghei NK65. Study Design and Methodology: Phytochemical, GC-MS and AAS analyses were determined in the plant. Swiss albino mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with Plasmodium berghei NK65. Thirty-five (35) mice were grouped into seven groups, five per group. Group A were not infected with P.berghei NK65. Group B, C and D served as the negative and positive control groups while Group E, F and G mice were treated with 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg body weight of methanolic leaf extract of M. lucida. Haematological parameters were determined in the whole blood using BC-3200 Auto Hematology Analyzer. TP, MDA, CAT, SOD % inhibition, SOD unit and vitamin A were all determined in the liver homogenate using standard procedures. Results: The GC-MS result of the M. lucida shows the presence of five bioactive compounds. It was also observed that the plant contains the following minerals: iron, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and copper. Acute toxicity shows that the LD50 >000mg/Kg b.wt. The extract caused 30.96%, 32.93% and 67.23% reduction in parasitemia at 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg body weight respectively while chloroquine exerted 96.53% and artesunate exerted 92.03% reduction at 10 mg/kg body weight respectively. The Haematological parameters showed that the plant extract is not haematotoxic since it significantly (P<0.05) reduced WBC count, and increase RBC, HGB, and HCT values in the treated mice compared to the infected untreated mice. This study shows that the mean lipid peroxidation (MDA) level was significantly decreased in the malaria treated mice (group C, D, E, F and G) compared to the untreated mice (group B). There was also a significant increase in the total protein, catalase, SOD % inhibition, SOD unit and Vitamin A levels in the liver homogenate of animals treated with chloroquine, artesunate and extract of M. lucida compared to the untreated mice. Conclusions: The study shows that Morinda lucida possess antiplasmodial activity in male Swiss mice infected with Plasmodium berghei NK 65.

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