Network centralities, demographic disparities, and voluntary participation

Aim: This study explores the changes in regular walking activities during the phases of the pandemic. Background: With the spread of COVID-19 transmission, people are refraining from going out, reducing their physical activity. In South Korea, COVID-19 broke out in the 4th week of 2020 and experienced the first cycle phases of the pandemic, such as outbreak, widespread, and decline. In response to the pandemic, the government encouraged voluntary participation in social distancing campaigns, and people reduced their outside activities. Methods: This article examines the decrease and increase of the Prevalence of Regular Walking (≥30 min of moderate walking a day, on ≥5 days a week) by the COVID-19 phases. This study is based on weekly walking data for 15 weeks in 2020, via the smartphone healthcare app, which is managed by 25 public health offices of the Seoul government. Results: According to the findings, the level of prevalence of regular walking (PRW) has a significant difference before and after the outbreak, and every interval of the four-stage COVID-19 phases, that is, pre-pandemic, initiation, acceleration, and deceleration. The level of PRW sharply decreased during initiation and acceleration intervals. In the deceleration interval of COVID-19, the PRW kept increasing, but it has not yet reached the same level as the previous year when the COVID-19 did not exist. Conclusions: As a preliminary study, this study explains empirically how COVID-19 changed PRW in Seoul. It would be helpful to enhance our understanding of the changes in physical inactivity in the pandemic period.

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Developing a Lay First Responder Program in Chad: A 12-Month Follow-Up Evaluation of a Rural Prehospital Emergency Care Program

Prehospital and Disaster Medicine ◽

10.1017/s1049023x20000977 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 546-553 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Canaan J. Hancock ◽

Peter G. Delaney ◽

Zachary J. Eisner ◽

Eric Kroner ◽

Issa Mahamet-Nuur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Knowledge Acquisition ◽

Emergency Care ◽

Prehospital Emergency Care ◽

Voluntary Participation ◽

First Responder ◽

Taxi Drivers ◽

Post Test ◽

Prehospital Emergency ◽

Motorcycle Taxi

AbstractIntroduction:The World Health Organization (WHO; Geneva, Switzerland) recommends lay first responder (LFR) programs as a first step toward establishing formal Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to address injury. There is a scarcity of research investigating LFR program development in predominantly rural settings of LMICs.Study Objective:A pilot LFR program was launched and assessed over 12 months to investigate the feasibility of leveraging pre-existing transportation providers to scale up prehospital emergency care in rural, low-resource settings of LMICs.Methods:An LFR program was established in rural Chad to evaluate curriculum efficacy, using a validated 15-question pre-/post-test to measure participant knowledge improvement. Pre-/post-test score distributions were compared using a Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. For test evaluation, each pre-test question was mapped to its corresponding post-test analog and compared using McNemar’s Chi-Squared Test to examine knowledge acquisition on a by-question basis. Longitudinal prehospital care was evaluated with incident reports, while program cost was tracked using a one-way sensitivity analysis. Qualitative follow-up surveys and semi-interviews were conducted at 12 months, with initial participants and randomly sampled motorcycle taxi drivers, and used a constructivist grounded theory approach to understand the factors motivating continued voluntary participation to inform future program continuity. The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) checklist was used to guide design, analysis, and reporting the qualitative results.Results:A total of 108 motorcycle taxi participants demonstrated significant knowledge improvement (P <.001) across three of four curricular categories: scene safety, airway and breathing, and bleeding control. Lay first responders treated 71 patients over six months, encountering five deaths, and provided patient transport in 82% of encounters. Lay first responders reported an average confidence score of 8.53/10 (n = 38). In qualitative follow-up surveys and semi-structured interviews, the ability to care for the injured, new knowledge/skills, and the resultant gain in social status and customer acquisition motivated continued involvement as LFRs. Ninety-six percent of untrained, randomly sampled motorcycle taxi drivers reported they would be willing to pay to participate in future training courses.Conclusion:Lay first responder programs appear feasible and cost-effective in rural LMIC settings. Participants demonstrate significant knowledge acquisition, and after 12 months of providing emergency care, report sustained voluntary participation due to social and financial benefits, suggesting sustainability and scalability of LFR programs in low-resource settings.

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Gender Differences on Attitudes and Participation in an Extracurricular Gymnastics Course Among Greek University Students

Journal of Teaching in Physical Education ◽

10.1123/jtpe.2013-0226 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 424-441 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dimitrios C. Milosis ◽

Athanasios G. Papaioannou ◽

Theophanis A. Siatras ◽

Miltiadis Proios ◽

Michael Proios

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

University Students ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Male Students ◽

Equation Modeling ◽

Voluntary Participation ◽

Students Attitudes ◽

Path Structure ◽

And Behavior ◽

Attitudes And Behavior

The aims of the study were (a) to test the effectiveness of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to predict Greek university students’ voluntary participation in an extracurricular gymnastics course, and (b) to evaluate gender differences. Two hundred sixty-three (127 female, 136 male) students participated in the study. Students’ attitudes, intention, and PBC were measured with a questionnaire and their attendance in the course was recorded by the teacher. Results from the MANOVA conducted showed that females had higher scores compared with males in all observed variables. Results from the structural equation modeling (SEM) employed supported the usefulness of TPB to explain students’ attitudes and behavior toward extracurricular physical activities (PA). Differences also emerged on path structure of the relationships among the variables.

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Costly Voting

The American Economic Review ◽

10.1257/000282804322970706 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 94 (1) ◽

pp. 57-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 145

Author(s):

Tilman Börgers

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Majority Voting ◽

Voluntary Participation ◽

Voting Rules ◽

Value Model ◽

Private Value ◽

Two Alternatives ◽

Costly Voting

What are good voting rules if voting is costly? We analyze this question for the case that an electorate chooses among two alternatives. In a symmetric private value model of voting we show that majority voting with voluntary participation Pareto-dominates majority voting with compulsory participation as well as random decision-making.

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Making Sense of Community Action and Voluntary Participation-A Multilevel Test of Multilevel Hypotheses: Do Communities Act?

Rural Sociology ◽

10.1111/ruso.12085 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 81 (1) ◽

pp. 3-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Michael R. Cope ◽

Alex Currit ◽

Jeremy Flaherty ◽

Ralph B. Brown

Keyword(s):

Sense Of Community ◽

Community Action ◽

Voluntary Participation ◽

Making Sense

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A Conceptual Model of Wellness Destination Characteristics That Contribute to Psychological Well-Being

Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research ◽

10.1177/1096348017704498 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 41-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Karen Irene Thal ◽

Simon Hudson

Keyword(s):

Conceptual Model ◽

Necessary Conditions ◽

Well Being ◽

Self Determination Theory ◽

Voluntary Participation ◽

Subjective Well Being ◽

Psychological Well Being ◽

Daily Schedule ◽

Mindfulness Practices

This study considered the characteristics of a stay at a wellness destination that enhance psychological well-being. Self-determination theory (SDT) was used to identify the necessary conditions to promote subjective well-being, and focus group sessions were then conducted to evaluate the SDT constructs in the context of a wellness facility. A conceptual model articulating characteristics of the external environment or wellness facility as well as ideal guest experiences, to ensure enhanced well-being as the outcome of a stay at a wellness facility, was then proposed. These conditions included the quality of staff–guest interactions, voluntary participation in novel and engaging activities in the context of a structured daily schedule, encouraging mindfulness practices, guest camaraderie, and enhanced competence or confidence overall.

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Is Rule of Law an Equilibrium Without (Some) Private Enforcement?

Privatization ◽

10.18574/nyu/9781479842933.003.0011 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 246-275

Author(s):

Gillian K. Hadfield ◽

Barry R. Weingast

Keyword(s):

Recent Work ◽

Rule Of Law ◽

Legal System ◽

Use Of Force ◽

Private Enforcement ◽

Voluntary Participation ◽

The Rule Of Law ◽

Social Sanctions ◽

Enforcement Authority ◽

Social Orders

This chapter argue against the presumptive priority of government even in the domain of law: in recent work, the authors have developed a framework for analyzing law in which they suggest that the main distinction between legal and other social orders is the presence of an entity capable of changing rules. But an equilibrium in which these rules generate compliance does not require a centralized enforcement authority; indeed, the authors argue that fully centralized enforcement is in fact incapable of sustaining an equilibrium characterized by rule of law. Rather, the need to coordinate and incentivize voluntary participation under decentralized enforcement yields the normatively attractive legal attributes associated with the rule of law, and the authors draw on classical Athens to illustrate this model. On their account, private enforcement – in the sense of social sanctions and exclusion, limited use of force, and cooperation with authorized enforcers – are essential for a legal system to achieve the rule of law..

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