scholarly journals Choosing the Style of a New Design - The Key Ship Design Decision

2018 ◽  
Vol Vol 160 (A1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Ship Design ◽  
Design Decision ◽  
Design Issues ◽  
Design Study ◽  
Design Option ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Block Approach

As a former senior designer of naval vessels and, more recently, a leading researcher in ship design, the author has previously presented a description of the ship design process in terms of the important decisions a ship designer makes in concept exploration. Such decision are made consciously or unconsciously in order to produce a new design or, preferably, any design option. It has been contended in many publications that the first real decision that a ship designer makes, in order to proceed, is the selection of the “style” of the design study or of a specific design option. This term was adopted in order to cover, not just a host of design issues and standards implicit in a given study, but also, at this very initial step, the overall characteristics of any particular study. So the term style could be said to be doubly important. The current paper considers the nature of the early ship design process for complex multi-functional vessels and then retraces the origins of the particular use of the term, where it was seen as the last of the five elements in Brown and Andrews’ 1980 encapsulation of the ship design issues that matter to the naval architect, incorporated in the term “S to the 5th”. This leads on to consideration of the various aspects of design style, many of which could be considered “transversals” as they apply across the naval architectural sub-disciplines and to the component material sub-systems comprising a ship. One of the distinctive advantages of the architecturally driven ship synthesis or Design Building Block approach is that it can address many of these style issues in the earliest descriptions of an emergent design study. Examples, drawing on a range of built Royal Navy ship designs, are presented to show their top-level style characteristics, followed by a series of ship design research studies illustrating how the impact of specific component style aspects can be investigated in early stage ship design, using the UCL Design Building Block approach. Finally, recent research led investigations into integrating ship style into early stage ship design are summarized to demonstrate why the choice of “style” is seen to be The Key Ship Design Decision.

scholarly journals CHOOSING THE STYLE OF A NEW DESIGN - THE KEY SHIP DESIGN DECISION

2021 ◽  
Vol 160 (A1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Ship Design ◽  
Design Decision ◽  
Design Issues ◽  
Design Study ◽  
Design Option ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Block Approach

As a former senior designer of naval vessels and, more recently, a leading researcher in ship design, the author has previously presented a description of the ship design process in terms of the important decisions a ship designer makes in concept exploration. Such decision are made consciously or unconsciously in order to produce a new design or, preferably, any design option. It has been contended in many publications that the first real decision that a ship designer makes, in order to proceed, is the selection of the “style” of the design study or of a specific design option. This term was adopted in order to cover, not just a host of design issues and standards implicit in a given study, but also, at this very initial step, the overall characteristics of any particular study. So the term style could be said to be doubly important. The current paper considers the nature of the early ship design process for complex multi-functional vessels and then retraces the origins of the particular use of the term, where it was seen as the last of the five elements in Brown and Andrews’ 1980 encapsulation of the ship design issues that matter to the naval architect, incorporated in the term “S to the 5th”. This leads on to consideration of the various aspects of design style, many of which could be considered “transversals” as they apply across the naval architectural sub-disciplines and to the component material sub-systems comprising a ship. One of the distinctive advantages of the architecturally driven ship synthesis or Design Building Block approach is that it can address many of these style issues in the earliest descriptions of an emergent design study. Examples, drawing on a range of built Royal Navy ship designs, are presented to show their top-level style characteristics, followed by a series of ship design research studies illustrating how the impact of specific component style aspects can be investigated in early stage ship design, using the UCL Design Building Block approach. Finally, recent research led investigations into integrating ship style into early stage ship design are summarized to demonstrate why the choice of “style” is seen to be The Key Ship Design Decision.

scholarly journals A Study into the Validity of the Ship Design Spiral in Early Stage Ship Design

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (02) ◽  
pp. 81-100
Author(s):  
Rachel Pawling ◽  
Victoria Percival ◽  
David Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Ship Design ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
University College London ◽  
The University ◽  
Convenient Model ◽  
Balanced Solution ◽  
Block Approach ◽  
Design Spiral

For many years, the design spiral has been seen to be a convenient model of an acknowledged complex process. It has virtues particularly in recognizing the ship design interactive and, hopefully, converging nature of the process. However, many find it unsatisfactory. One early criticism focused on its apparent assumption of a relatively smooth process to a balanced solution implied by most ship concept algorithms. The paper draws on a postgraduate design investigation using the University College London Design Building Block approach, which looked specifically at a nascent naval combatant design and the issues of size associated with "passing decks" and margins. Results from the study are seen to suggest that there are distinct regions of cliffs and plateau in plots of capability against design output, namely ship size and cost. These findings are discussed with regard to the insight they provide into the nature of such ship designs and different ways of representing the ship design process. The paper concludes that the ship design spiral is a misleading and unreliable representation of complex ship design at both the strategic and detailed iterative levels.

A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH TO SURVIVABILITY ASSESSMENT IN NAVAL SHIP CONCEPT DESIGN

2021 ◽  
Vol 156 (A4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A S Piperakis ◽  
D J Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Ship Design ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Concept Design ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Assessment Approach ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Constituent Elements ◽  
The Impact

Alongside deploying weapons and sensors what makes a warship distinct is its survivability, being the measure that enables a warship to survive in a militarily hostile environment. The rising cost of warship procurement, coupled with declining defence budgets, has led to cost cutting, often aimed at aspects, such as survivability, which may be difficult to quantify in a manner that facilitates cost capability trade-offs. Therefore, to meet ever-reducing budgets, in real terms, innovation in both the design process and the design of individual ships is necessary, especially at the crucial early design stages. Computer technology can be utilised to exploit architecturally orientated preliminary design approaches, which have been conceived to explore innovation early in the ship design process and the impact of such issues as survivability. A number of survivability assessment tools currently exist; however, most fail to integrate all the constituent elements of survivability (i.e. susceptibility, vulnerability and recoverability), in that they are unable to balance between the component aspects of survivability. Some of these tools are qualitative and therefore less than ideal in specifying survivability requirements, others are aimed towards the more detailed design stages where implementing changes is heavily constrained or even impractical. This paper presents a survivability assessment approach combining various tools used by UCL and the UK Ministry of Defence, as well as a new approach for recoverability assessment. The proposed method attempts to better integrate and quantify survivability in early stage ship design, which is facilitated by the UCL derived, architecturally focused, design building block approach. The integrated survivability method is demonstrated for a set of naval combatant concept designs and for two replenishment ship studies to test the robustness of the proposed approach.

A Novel Ship Subdivision Method and its Application in Constraint Management of Ship Layout Design

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (03) ◽  
pp. 137-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deniz de Koningh ◽  
Herbert Koelman ◽  
Hans Hopman
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Layout Design ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Constraint Management ◽  
Damage Stability ◽  
Actual Design ◽  
The Impact

Conventionally, the rooms and spaces of a ship are either modeled as volumetric entities, or with the aid of bulkheads and decks. According to our knowledge, no simple representation exists where both entities can be modeled independently, and where automated conversion from one view (volumetric) to the other (planes) is possible. This paper introduces a simple yet effective approach, where a ship designer can mix the use of volumes and planes in any fashion. Furthermore, this modeling method is applied in a novel tool to manage ship subdivision constraints. As quite a few numerical constraints are known a priori, they can be defined in a list and assigned to specific subdivision elements. Examples are bulkhead locations or required tank volumes or deck areas. A constraint management tool is developed that evaluates the ship layout design during the design process. The designer will be able to modify or add constraints, and the tool will support the designer by managing these constraints during the design process. If the hull form changes, all submitted rules will be updated according to the new main particulars. If one of the constraints does not comply, an adjustment or alternative can be chosen at that moment and the impact of this change is directly visible. The designer can also ask the tool to provide a ship layout design that complies best with the constraints entered. When the Constraint Management program is used, a feasible ship compartment design can be made in a quick manner and the designer is kept from making errors. This means that a correct ship layout model is available on which probabilistic damage stability calculations and weight estimations can be performed in an early stage. This method has been implemented in a computer program, so actual design examples are discussed.

Managing Design Process Complexity: A Value-of-Information Based Approach for Scale and Decision Decoupling

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jitesh H. Panchal ◽  
Christiaan J. J. Paredis ◽  
Janet K. Allen ◽  
Farrokh Mistree
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Value Of Information ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Design Decision ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Design Processes ◽  
A Value ◽  
Complex Design ◽  
The Impact

Design processes for multiscale, multifunctional systems are inherently complex due to the interactions between scales, functional requirements, and the resulting design decisions. While complex design processes that consider all interactions lead to better designs; simpler design processes where some interactions are ignored are faster and resource efficient. In order to determine the right level of simplification of design processes, designers are faced with the following questions: a) how should complex design-processes be simplified without affecting the resulting product performance? and b) how can designers quantify and evaluate the appropriateness of different design process alternatives? In this paper, the first question is addressed by introducing a method for determining the appropriate level of simplification of design processes — specifically through decoupling of scales and decisions in a multiscale problem. The method is based on three constructs: interaction patterns to model design processes, intervals to model uncertainty resulting from decoupling of scales and decisions, and value of information based metrics to measure the impact of simplification on the final design outcome. The second question is addressed by introducing a value-of-information based metric called improvement potential for quantifying the appropriateness of design process alternatives from the standpoint of product design requirements. The metric embodies quantitatively the potential for improvement in the achievement of product requirements by adding more information for design decision making. The method is illustrated via a datacenter cooling system design example.

The Sophistication of Early Stage Design for Complex Vessels

2018 ◽  
Vol Vol 160 (SE 18) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Ship Design ◽  
Concept Design ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Simplified Approach ◽  
Overall Design ◽  
Intact Stability ◽  
Early Stage Design ◽  
Metacentric Height

Prior to the introduction of computers into Early Stage Ship Design of complex vessels, such as naval ships, the approach to synthesising a new design had been via weight equations. When it was realised that modern naval vessels (and some sophisticated service vessels) were essentially space driven initial (numerical) sizing needed to balance weight and space, together with simple checks on resistance & powering, plus sufficient intact stability (i.e. simple metacentric height assurance). All this was quickly computerised and subsequently put on a spread-sheet to iteratively achieve weight and space balance, while meeting those simple stability and R&P checks. Thus suddenly it became possible to produce very many variants, for both trade-off of certain requirements (against initial acquisition cost) as well (apparently) optimal solutions. However as this paper argues this speeding up of a very crude synthesis approach, before rapidly proceeding into feasibility investigations of the “selected design”, has not led to a quicker overall design process, nor have new ship designs been brought earlier into service, in timeframes remotely comparable to most merchant ships. It is the argument of this paper that such a speeding up of an essentially simplified approach to design synthesis is not sensible. Firstly, there is the need to conduct a more sophisticated approach in order to proceed in a less risky manner into the main design process for such complex vessels. Secondly, further advances in computer techniques, particularly those that CAD has adopted from computer graphics advances, now enable ship concept designers to synthesise more comprehensively and thereby address from the start many more of the likely design drivers. The paper addresses the argument for a more sophisticated approach to ESSD by first expanding on the above outline, before considering important design related issues that are considered to have arisen from major R.N. warship programmes over the last half century. This has been done by highlighting those UK naval vessel designs with which the author has had a notable involvement. The next section re-iterates an assertion that the concept phase (for complex vessels) is unlike the rest of ship design with a distinctly different primary purpose. This enables the structure of a properly organised concept phase to be outlined. Following this the issue of the extent of novelty in the design of a new design option is spelt out in more detail for the seven categories already identified. The next section consists of outlining the architecturally driven approach to ship synthesis with two sets of design examples, produced by the author’s team at UCL. All this then enables a generalised concept design process for complex vessels to be outlined, before more unconventional vessels than the naval combatant are briefly considered. The concluding main section addresses how a range of new techniques might further alter the way in which ESSD is addressed, in order to provide an even better output from concept to accomplish the downstream design and build process. The paper ends with a summary of the main conclusions.

Simulation and the design building block approach in the design of ships and other complex systems

2006 ◽  
Vol 462 (2075) ◽  
pp. 3407-3433 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Building Block ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Integrated Design ◽  
Ship Design ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Design System ◽  
Initial Design ◽  
Scale Design ◽  
Block Approach

This paper is in many respects a continuation of the earlier paper by the author published in Proc. R. Soc. A in 1998 entitled ‘A comprehensive methodology for the design of ships (and other complex systems)’. The earlier paper described the approach to the initial design of ships developed by the author during some 35 years of design practice, including two previous secondments to teach ship design at UCL. The present paper not only takes that development forward, it also explains how the research tool demonstrating the author's approach to initial ship design has now been incorporated in an industry based design system to provide a working graphically and numerically integrated design system. This achievement is exemplified by a series of practical design investigations, undertaken by the UCL Design Research Centre led by the author, which were mainly undertaken for industry clients in order to investigate real problems to which the approach has brought significant insights. The other new strand in the present paper is the emphasis on the human factors or large scale ergonomics dimension, vital to complex and large scale design products but rarely hitherto been given sufficient prominence in the crucial formative stages of large scale design because of the inherent difficulties in doing so. The UCL Design Building Block approach has now been incorporated in the established PARAMARINE ship design system through a module entitled SURFCON. Work is now underway on an Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council joint project with the University of Greenwich to interface the latter's escape simulation tool maritimeEXODUS with SURFCON to provide initial design guidance to ship designers on personnel movement. The paper's concluding section considers the wider applicability of the integration of simulation during initial design with the graphically driven synthesis to other complex and large scale design tasks. The paper concludes by suggesting how such an approach to complex design can contribute to the teaching of designers and, moreover, how this design approach can enable a creative qualitative approach to engineering design to be sustained despite the risk that advances in computer based methods might encourage emphasis being accorded to solely to quantitative analysis.

Managing Design-Process Complexity: A Value-of-Information Based Approach for Scale and Decision Decoupling

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jitesh H. Panchal ◽  
Christiaan J. J. Paredis ◽  
Janet K. Allen ◽  
Farrokh Mistree
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Value Of Information ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Design Decision ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Design Processes ◽  
A Value ◽  
Complex Design ◽  
The Impact

Design-processes for multiscale, multifunctional systems are inherently complex due to the interactions between scales, functional requirements, and the resulting design decisions. While complex design-processes that consider all interactions lead to better designs, simpler design-processes where some interactions are ignored are faster and resource efficient. In order to determine the right level of simplification of design-processes, designers are faced with the following questions: (a) How should complex design-processes be simplified without affecting the resulting product performance? (b) How can designers quantify and evaluate the appropriateness of different design-process alternatives? In this paper, the first question is addressed by introducing a method for determining the appropriate level of simplification of design-processes—specifically through decoupling of scales and decisions in a multiscale problem. The method is based on three constructs: interaction patterns to model design-processes, intervals to model uncertainty resulting from decoupling of scales and decisions, and value-of-information based metrics to measure the impact of simplification on the final design outcome. The second question is addressed by introducing a value-of-information based metric called the improvement potential for quantifying the appropriateness of design-process alternatives from the standpoint of product design requirements. The metric embodies quantitatively the potential for improvement in the achievement of product requirements by adding more information for design decision-making. The method is illustrated via a datacenter cooling system design example.

Factors Affecting Ship Design and Construction Lead Time and Cost

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 186-194
Author(s):  
Howard Moyst ◽  
Biman Das
Keyword(s):  
Design Process ◽  
Lead Time ◽  
Ship Design ◽  
Start Time ◽  
Design Quality ◽  
Improve Design ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Design And Construction

This paper reviews a ship design and construction case study in the context of the published literature on the design process and its impact on construction. The objective was to explore the factors that impact design and construction lead time and cost. Design and construction managers constantly experience pressure to accelerate the construction start time in an environment characteristic of frequent design changes and rework. Often the construction of the first ships of a series will aggressively overlap the design phase. This investigation assessed a case study that illustrated that as the degree of overlap between design and construction increases, design changes increased ship construction costs and duration. This negates the advantage of trying to reduce lead time by overlapping phases. Before strategies of overlapping are utilized, shipbuilders need to better understand the details of the design process and its integration with other functions to improve design quality and reduce the impact of design changes on manufacturing and construction. It is recommended that when overlapping strategies are considered, design changes and their impact on construction be factored into the decision. A better strategy would be to eliminate design quality issues and design and construction rework.

scholarly journals NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE TOTAL RESISTANCE OF A YACHT

Brodogradnja ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-80
Author(s):  
Nastia Degiuli ◽  
◽  
Andrea Farkas ◽  
Ivana Martić ◽  
Ivan Zeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Turbulence Models ◽  
Ship Design ◽  
Verification And Validation ◽  
Total Resistance ◽  
Experimental Assessment ◽  
Towing Tank ◽  
Bulbous Bow ◽  
The Impact

One of the main goals of the ship design process is the reduction of the total resistance, which is nowadays even more highlighted due to increasingly stringent rules related to ship energy efficiency. In this paper, the investigation of the impact of the bow on the total resistance of a yacht is carried out for three models by towing tank tests and numerical simulations. The verification and validation studies are performed, and satisfactory agreement is achieved. Also, a comparison of three turbulence models for the prediction of the total resistance of a yacht is made. The flow around the models of the yacht is analysed and it is demonstrated that bulbous bow causes the reduction of wave elevations. Experimental and numerical results indicate that the decrease in the total resistance due to bulbous bow can be up to 7%. Finally, the applicability of CFD within the ship design process is presented.

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