scholarly journals Communication and behavior in organizations: An experiment

10.3982/qe809 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 775-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Evdokimov ◽  
Umberto Garfagnini
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Cheap Talk ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Study Behavior ◽  
Optimal Behavior ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Division Managers ◽  
And Behavior

We design a laboratory experiment to study behavior in a multidivisional organization. The organization faces a trade‐off between coordinating its decisions across the divisions and meeting division‐specific needs that are known only to the division managers, who can communicate their private information through cheap talk. While the results show close to optimal communication, we also find systematic deviations from optimal behavior in how the communicated information is used. Specifically, subjects' decisions show worse than predicted adaptation to the needs of the divisions in decentralized organizations and worse than predicted coordination in centralized organizations. We show that the observed deviations disappear when uncertainty about the divisions' local needs is removed and discuss the possible underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals Aggregation of cohorts for histopathological diagnosis with deep morphological analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeonghyuk Park ◽  
Yul Ri Chung ◽  
Seo Taek Kong ◽  
Yeong Won Kim ◽  
Hyunho Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Detection ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
Large Datasets ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Single Model ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Detection Model ◽  
Optimal Behavior ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThere have been substantial efforts in using deep learning (DL) to diagnose cancer from digital images of pathology slides. Existing algorithms typically operate by training deep neural networks either specialized in specific cohorts or an aggregate of all cohorts when there are only a few images available for the target cohort. A trade-off between decreasing the number of models and their cancer detection performance was evident in our experiments with The Cancer Genomic Atlas dataset, with the former approach achieving higher performance at the cost of having to acquire large datasets from the cohort of interest. Constructing annotated datasets for individual cohorts is extremely time-consuming, with the acquisition cost of such datasets growing linearly with the number of cohorts. Another issue associated with developing cohort-specific models is the difficulty of maintenance: all cohort-specific models may need to be adjusted when a new DL algorithm is to be used, where training even a single model may require a non-negligible amount of computation, or when more data is added to some cohorts. In resolving the sub-optimal behavior of a universal cancer detection model trained on an aggregate of cohorts, we investigated how cohorts can be grouped to augment a dataset without increasing the number of models linearly with the number of cohorts. This study introduces several metrics which measure the morphological similarities between cohort pairs and demonstrates how the metrics can be used to control the trade-off between performance and the number of models.

Social Epigenetics of Human Behavior

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Adkins ◽  
Kelli M. Rasmussen ◽  
Anna R. Docherty
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Current State ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Social Adversity ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Negative Health Outcomes ◽  
Downstream Gene Expression

It is well established that extreme social adversity can lead to negative health outcomes decades after the resolution of the precipitating environmental insult. Although the underlying mechanisms through which such adversity gets “under the skin” to become biologically embedded have long been considered a black box, recent research has indicated an important mediating role for epigenetic mechanisms—molecular modifications that regulate gene activity without changing the DNA sequence. With technical and scientific developments now enabling genome-wide epigenetic studies in humans, behavioral researchers have an unprecedented opportunity to empirically map the ways in which social dynamics become epigenetically embedded, influencing downstream gene expression, health, and behavior. This chapter examines the current state of social epigenetics research and discusses the opportunities and challenges facing this emerging field.

Chinese consumer preference for processed food quality attributes and the impact of trust in information sources

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erpeng Wang ◽  
Zhifeng Gao ◽  
Xuqi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Food Quality ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Consumer Preference ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Content Type ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine important attributes of processed food, consumers’ trust in different information resources, and the impact of trust, demographic and behavior variables on the preference of processed food attributes among Chinese consumers.Design/methodology/approachData of 1,267 participants were collected from four cities in China. A five-point Likert scale was used to measure consumer preference for 12 juice attributes. Consumer trust in nine sources of information on product quality was measured. Cluster analysis was used to segment consumers into groups based on their preference for juice attributes and trust in information sources, respectively. A multinomial logistic model was used to determine the impact of trust, demographic and behavior variables on the preference of juice attributes.FindingsConsumers rate manufacture date, taste and food safety labels as the most important attributes of fruit juice products. Among different information sources, consumers place more trust in private information sources and traditional media. The low trust in different information sources impedes consumer preference for processed food quality attributes.Originality/valueThis research is among the few that examine consumer preference for processed food, such as juice. It identifies four distinct preference groups and trust groups, respectively, based on consumer preference for juice attributes and trust in different information sources. This paper provides important information for processed food companies and policymakers to effectively enact marketing strategies in China.

scholarly journals The transformative service paradox: the dilemma of wellbeing trade-offs

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-663
Author(s):  
Rebekah Russell–Bennett ◽  
Rory Mulcahy ◽  
Kate Letheren ◽  
Ryan McAndrew ◽  
Uwe Dulleck
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Implicit Assumption ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Physical Wellbeing ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Future Implication

PurposeA transformative service aims to improve wellbeing; however, current approaches have an implicit assumption that all wellbeing dimensions are equal and more dimensions led to higher wellbeing. The purpose of this paper is to present evidence for a new framework that identifies the paradox of competing wellbeing dimensions for both the individual and others in society – the transformative service paradox (TSP).Design/methodology/approachData is drawn from a mixed-method approach using qualitative (interviews) and quantitative data (lab experiment) in an electricity service context. The first study involves 45 household interviews (n = 118) and deals with the nature of trade-offs at the individual level to establish the concept of the TSP. The second study uses a behavioral economics laboratory experiment (n = 110) to test the self vs. other nature of the trade-off in day-to-day use of electricity.FindingsThe interviews and experiment identified that temporal (now vs. future) and beneficiary-level factors explain why individuals make wellbeing trade-offs for the transformative service of electricity. The laboratory experiment showed that when the future implication of the trade-off is made salient, consumers are more willing to forego physical wellbeing for environmental wellbeing, whereas when the “now” implication is more salient consumers forego financial wellbeing for physical wellbeing.Originality/valueThis research introduces the term “Transformative Service Paradox” and identifies two factors that explain why consumers make wellbeing trade-offs at the individual level and at the societal level; temporal (now vs. future) and wellbeing beneficiary.

scholarly journals The Maternal Brain: An Organ with Peripartal Plasticity

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Maria Hillerer ◽  
Volker Rudolf Jacobs ◽  
Thorsten Fischer ◽  
Ludwig Aigner
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Tight Control ◽  
Maternal Brain ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Behavior

The time of pregnancy, birth, and lactation, is characterized by numerous specific alterations in several systems of the maternal body. Peripartum-associated changes in physiology and behavior, as well as their underlying molecular mechanisms, have been the focus of research since decades, but are still far from being entirely understood. Also, there is growing evidence that pregnancy and lactation are associated with a variety of alterations in neural plasticity, including adult neurogenesis, functional and structural synaptic plasticity, and dendritic remodeling in different brain regions. All of the mentioned changes are not only believed to be a prerequisite for the proper fetal and neonatal development, but moreover to be crucial for the physiological and mental health of the mother. The underlying mechanisms apparently need to be under tight control, since in cases of dysregulation, a certain percentage of women develop disorders like preeclampsia or postpartum mood and anxiety disorders during the course of pregnancy and lactation. This review describes common peripartum adaptations in physiology and behavior. Moreover, it concentrates on different forms of peripartum-associated plasticity including changes in neurogenesis and their possible underlying molecular mechanisms. Finally, consequences of malfunction in those systems are discussed.

scholarly journals The Adaptive Trade-Off between Detection and Discrimination in Cortical Representations and Behavior

Neuron ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 1152-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas R. Ollerenshaw ◽  
He J.V. Zheng ◽  
Daniel C. Millard ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Garrett B. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Trade Off ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Cortical Representations

scholarly journals Polynomial Batch Codes for Efficient IT-PIR

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (4) ◽  
pp. 202-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Henry
Keyword(s):  
Private Information ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Private Information Retrieval ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Computation Cost ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Server Side ◽  
Efficient Information ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Database Servers

Abstract Private information retrieval (PIR) is a way for clients to query a remote database without the database holder learning the clients’ query terms or the responses they generate. Compelling applications for PIR are abound in the cryptographic and privacy research literature, yet existing PIR techniques are notoriously inefficient. Consequently, no such PIRbased application to date has seen real-world at-scale deployment. This paper proposes new “batch coding” techniques to help address PIR’s efficiency problem. The new techniques exploit the connection between ramp secret sharing schemes and efficient information-theoretically secure PIR (IT-PIR) protocols. This connection was previously observed by Henry, Huang, and Goldberg (NDSS 2013), who used ramp schemes to construct efficient “batch queries” with which clients can fetch several database records for the same cost as fetching a single record using a standard, non-batch query. The new techniques in this paper generalize and extend those of Henry et al. to construct “batch codes” with which clients can fetch several records for only a fraction the cost of fetching a single record using a standard non-batch query over an unencoded database. The batch codes are highly tuneable, providing a means to trade off (i) lower server-side computation cost, (ii) lower server-side storage cost, and/or (iii) lower uni- or bi-directional communication cost, in exchange for a comparatively modest decrease in resilience to Byzantine database servers.

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