TRANSITION FROM TRADITIONAL COB CONSTRUCTION TO 3D PRINTING OF CLAY HOMES

ABSTRACT 3D printing of cementitious material can provide an affordable, sustainable, and optimized approach for the construction of homes, without compromising quality or craftsmanship. While most of the current research and development efforts in this field are focused on cement-based concrete printing, this paper focuses on the current state-of-the-art literature review of designing and developing a sustainable clay-based mixture design that mainly includes clay, sand, straw, lime, and water. The goal of this paper is to bridge the gap between typical traditional earth construction, specifically cob construction, and emerging 3D printing of cementitious materials. The specific objective of this paper is to offer some possible changes in the typical cob mixture so that it can be used for 3D printing of clay-based mixtures with sufficient flowability, buildability, strength, and open time (i.e., the time period between printing of one layer and printing of another layer deposited on a layer below). The paper describes typical clay-based mixtures and their traditional process and then specifies the challenges in going from traditional cob construction to advanced computer-controlled robotic 3D printing.

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Fresh and Hardened Properties of Extrusion-Based 3D-Printed Cementitious Materials: A Review

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12145628 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (14) ◽

pp. 5628

Author(s):

Zhanzhao Li ◽

Maryam Hojati ◽

Zhengyu Wu ◽

Jonathon Piasente ◽

Negar Ashrafi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Experimental Testing ◽

Design Procedure ◽

Cementitious Materials ◽

Material Point ◽

Point Of View ◽

Open Time ◽

Potential Benefits ◽

3D Printed ◽

Hardened Properties

3D-printing of cementitious materials is an innovative construction approach with which building elements can be constructed without the use of formwork. Despite potential benefits in the construction industry, it introduces various engineering challenges from the material point of view. This paper reviews the properties of extrusion-based 3D-printed cementitious materials in both fresh and hardened states. Four main properties of fresh-state printing materials are addressed: flowability, extrudability, buildability, and open time, along with hardened properties, including density, compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile bond strength, shrinkage, and cracking. Experimental testing and effective factors of each property are covered, and a mix design procedure is proposed. The main objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the recent development in 3D-printing of cementitious materials and to identify the research gaps that need further investigation.

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Integrating real-time multi-resolution scanning and machine learning for Conformal Robotic 3D Printing in Architecture

International Journal of Architectural Computing ◽

10.1177/1478077120948203 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 371-384 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paul Nicholas ◽

Gabriella Rossi ◽

Ella Williams ◽

Michael Bennett ◽

Tim Schork

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Design Experiment ◽

Material Behaviour ◽

New Materials ◽

Current State ◽

Neural Network Prediction ◽

Network Prediction ◽

Design Customization

Robotic 3D printing applications are rapidly growing in architecture, where they enable the introduction of new materials and bespoke geometries. However, current approaches remain limited to printing on top of a flat build bed. This limits robotic 3D printing’s impact as a sustainable technology: opportunities to customize or enhance existing elements, or to utilize complex material behaviour are missed. This paper addresses the potentials of conformal 3D printing and presents a novel and robust workflow for printing onto unknown and arbitrarily shaped 3D substrates. The workflow combines dual-resolution Robotic Scanning, Neural Network prediction and printing of PETG plastic. This integrated approach offers the advantage of responding directly to unknown geometries through automated performance design customization. This paper firstly contextualizes the work within the current state of the art of conformal printing. We then describe our methodology and the design experiment we have used to test it. We lastly describe the key findings, potentials and limitations of the work, as well as the next steps in this research.

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Clay calcination technology: state-of-the-art review by the RILEM TC 282-CCL

Materials and Structures ◽

10.1617/s11527-021-01807-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 55 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Theodore Hanein ◽

Karl-Christian Thienel ◽

Franco Zunino ◽

Alastair T. M. Marsh ◽

Matthias Maier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

Deep Understanding ◽

Cementitious Materials ◽

Global Scale ◽

Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽

Infrastructure Development ◽

Sustainable Infrastructure ◽

Calcination Process ◽

Current State ◽

Group 2

AbstractThe use of calcined clays as supplementary cementitious materials provides the opportunity to significantly reduce the cement industry’s carbon burden; however, use at a global scale requires a deep understanding of the extraction and processing of the clays to be used, which will uncover routes to optimise their reactivity. This will enable increased usage of calcined clays as cement replacements, further improving the sustainability of concretes produced with them. Existing technologies can be adopted to produce calcined clays at an industrial scale in many regions around the world. This paper, produced by RILEM TC 282-CCL on calcined clays as supplementary cementitious materials (working group 2), focuses on the production of calcined clays, presents an overview of clay mining, and assesses the current state of the art in clay calcination technology, covering the most relevant aspects from the clay deposit to the factory gate. The energetics and associated carbon footprint of the calcination process are also discussed, and an outlook on clay calcination is presented, discussing the technological advancements required to fulfil future global demand for this material in sustainable infrastructure development.

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The changing face of additive manufacturing

Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management ◽

10.1108/jmtm-12-2016-0182 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 10-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Ian Gibson

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

3D Printing ◽

Design Methodology ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Personal Perspective ◽

Numerous Application ◽

Content Type ◽

The Past ◽

Current State ◽

The Future

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss the current state-of-the-art in additive manufacturing, more commonly known as 3D printing, from the business perspectives. The primary drivers behind the development of the associated technologies are considered along with features that limit growth. Design/methodology/approach The approach is a personal perspective, based on approximately 25-years study of the development of the associated technologies and applications. Findings The discussion has found that the technology is still growing healthily, but with an understanding that there are numerous application areas that should be considered separately. Some areas are significantly more mature than others and success in some areas does not guarantee success in others. Originality/value This viewpoint has been prepared for the current state-of-the-art and can be compared with earlier viewpoints to see how things may have changed in the past. This should be of value to those interested to explore how the technology has developed in recent times and how it may move into the future.

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3D printing for enhanced drug delivery: current state-of-the-art and challenges

Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy ◽

10.1080/03639045.2020.1801714 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (9) ◽

pp. 1385-1401 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Melissa Wallis ◽

Zaisam Al-Dulimi ◽

Deck Khong Tan ◽

Mohammed Maniruzzaman ◽

Ali Nokhodchi

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

3D Printing ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Current State

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Behavioral Genetics: Concepts for Research and Practice in Language Development and Disorders

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jshr.3805.1126 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

pp. 1126-1142 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Jeffrey W. Gilger

Keyword(s):

Language Development ◽

Behavioral Genetics ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Genetic Research ◽

Great Promise ◽

Behavioral Genetic ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Future Goals ◽

Current State ◽

Research Designs

This paper is an introduction to behavioral genetics for researchers and practioners in language development and disorders. The specific aims are to illustrate some essential concepts and to show how behavioral genetic research can be applied to the language sciences. Past genetic research on language-related traits has tended to focus on simple etiology (i.e., the heritability or familiality of language skills). The current state of the art, however, suggests that great promise lies in addressing more complex questions through behavioral genetic paradigms. In terms of future goals it is suggested that: (a) more behavioral genetic work of all types should be done—including replications and expansions of preliminary studies already in print; (b) work should focus on fine-grained, theory-based phenotypes with research designs that can address complex questions in language development; and (c) work in this area should utilize a variety of samples and methods (e.g., twin and family samples, heritability and segregation analyses, linkage and association tests, etc.).

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Schizophrenia Research: Current State of the Art

Contemporary Psychology ◽

10.1037/015267 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 21 (7) ◽

pp. 497-498

Author(s):

STANLEY GRAND

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

Current State

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Umbral Calculus

The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics ◽

10.37236/24 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 1000 ◽

Author(s):

A. Di Bucchianico ◽

D. Loeb

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Finite Differences ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Umbral Calculus ◽

Current State ◽

Logical Foundation ◽

Complete Bibliography ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Mathematical Literature

We survey the mathematical literature on umbral calculus (otherwise known as the calculus of finite differences) from its roots in the 19th century (and earlier) as a set of “magic rules” for lowering and raising indices, through its rebirth in the 1970’s as Rota’s school set it on a firm logical foundation using operator methods, to the current state of the art with numerous generalizations and applications. The survey itself is complemented by a fairly complete bibliography (over 500 references) which we expect to update regularly.

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