A Descriptive Overview of the Emigration of Medical Doctors from MENA to EU

2013 ◽  
pp. 192-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Baijou
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter focuses on a descriptive analysis of physician’s migrants from MENA to the European Union (EU). It assesses the determinants of this migration with its effects on sending and receiving economies. The relationship of the migration of medical doctors to health, medical education, and employment in MENA and EU is also discussed. Both descriptive and analytical approaches are used. The attained results show that the main factors for migration are income, work, and living conditions.

6. General principles of law

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorna Woods ◽  
Philippa Watson ◽  
Marios Costa
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
European Convention ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Charter Of Fundamental Rights ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
General Principles Of Law ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter examines the development of the general principles by the Court of Justice (CJ) to support the protection of human rights in the European Union (EU) law. It analyses the relationship of the general principles derived from the CJ’s jurisprudence to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), and the European Charter of Fundamental Rights (EUCFR). It discusses the possible accession of the EU to the ECHR and the implications of Opinion 2/13. It suggests that although the protection of human rights has been more visible since the Lisbon Treaty and there are now more avenues to such protection, it is debatable whether the scope and level of protection has increased.

13. Union liability in tort: action for damages

2020 ◽  
pp. 305-324
Author(s):  
Marios Costa ◽  
Steve Peers
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Conflicting Interests ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter examines the action for damages related to European Union (EU) liability in tort. It discusses the scope and the elements of non-contractual liability and liability for wrongful acts or omissions under Article 340(2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The chapter also explains the relationship of Article 340 TFEU with Articles 263 and 265 TFEU. It considers the restrictive rules in relation to assessment of damages and causation. The chapter highlights the need for European Courts to balance the conflicting interests of permitting flexibility in decision-making and protecting individuals who may suffer as a result of such action.

The European Union and the Territorial Scope of European Territories

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Ziller
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Case Law ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Overseas Territories ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper Professor Ziller addresses the intriguing question of the relationship of the European Union – which is not a state and which has no territory of its own – to the territories of EU Member States. The paper provides a survey of the overseas territories affected and the evolution of the case law of the European Court of Justice on the extent to which the provisions of the EC Treaty apply to the European territories overseas.

Citizens and the European Union since 1950

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-222
Author(s):  
Hartmut KAELBLE
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
European Court ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Opinion Polls ◽  
Interest Organizations ◽  
Active Citizen

The article covers the relationship of the citizens with the European Union and its predecessors since the beginnings of the European integration in the 1950s. It dis­tinguishes the period of the unquestioned citizen during the 1950s and 1960s, the period of the questioned and mobilized citizen since the 1970s and the period of the active citizen since around the turn the of century, in looking at European elec­tions, referendums, European movements, interest organizations, regular European opinion polls, complaints by citizens at the European Parliament, at the European Commission and at the European ombudsman and legal proceedings by citizens at the European Court in Luxemburg. In addition, the article looks at the change be­tween periods of trust and periods of distrust by citizens in the European institu­tions since the 1950s. It argues that the trend towards the mobilized and active citi­zen includes an eventual strong rise of distrust in periods of crisis, but also by a return of trust by the citizens even in difficult periods such as the recent Covid19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Relationship of the Degree of Aviation Sector Development with Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Measures of Economic Development in the European Union Countries

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3801
Author(s):  
Piotr Niedzielski ◽  
Magdalena Zioło ◽  
Jarosław Kozuba ◽  
Ewa Kuzionko-Ochrymiuk ◽  
Natalia Drop
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Air Transport ◽  
Linear Ordering ◽  
Environmental Taxes ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Topsis Technique ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The rapid growth of aviation over the past fifty years has resulted in numerous negative environmental impacts due to the combustion of fossil fuels in aircraft engines. This paper presents the relationship between air transport and GHG emissions. Based on data on the development of aviation, the level of GHG emissions from transport, environmental tax revenues and the amount of GDP per capita in the countries of the European Union, an attempt was made to create a typification that would illustrate the interaction of GHG emissions with air transport, environmental taxes and GDP in the years 2009–2018. The next step to confirm the obtained results was the application of statistical methods: the TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method of linear ordering and the Perkal index. Based on the study findings, the analyzed countries were divided into three groups: the group of innovators, the stable group and the group of students. The analysis revealed the relationship of all three analyzed variables with air transport. The development of the aviation sector leads to a significant increase in GHG emissions from transport, increased revenues from environmental taxes and acceleration of the rate of economic growth of a country.

scholarly journals Evaluation of direct subsides granted to agricultural produces in Hajdúböszörmény

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 145-150
Author(s):  
Antal Uzonyi ◽  
Péter Horváth
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Lorenz Curve ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Herfindahl Index ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Cr Concentration ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

The accession of Hungary to the EU can be considered a milestone in the life of domestic agriculture, as currently 70% of the income of agricultural producers is funded by agricultural and rural development subsidies. Besides the timeliness of the topic, it is to be highlighted that agriculture has great traditions in Hajdúböszörmény. As a general objective of the study, the relationship of agricultural producers in Hajdúböszörmény with direct subsidies was determined. In the first part of the research, agricultural subsidisation systems of the European Union and Hungary were processed. Subsequently, with regard to Hajdúböszörmény and based on the subsidy-related data available for the period of 2008-2017, subsidies paid during the last 10 years were demonstrated in various breakdowns (resources, funds, settlements and subsidy type). In addition to the above, measurement of the concentration of direct subsidies was realised by means of three concentration indexes (Lorenz curve, CR concentration, Hirschman-Herfindahl index).  

Beyond Brain Drain

2014 ◽  
pp. 777-797
Author(s):  
Ahlam Fakhar
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

The past decades have witnessed an increase in the pace and a consolidation of immigration of medical doctors and the globalization of the health system. If properly managed, globalization of the health workforce could lead to perceptible gains in health status for all parties involved. In a world economy shaped by strong institutions, globalization could benefit those countries with a strong and human and physical capital. This chapter reviews the importance of immigration and aims at presenting different views on immigration of medical doctors. While the traditional view has been dominated by the rhetoric on “brain-drain,” a new and more promising thread of research has centered on the relatively new concept of “brain-circulation.” Mobility for medical workers and health workers, in general, can be a significant contributor to the formation of scientific and technical human capital, which has been an important driver in economic expansion and social development in many regions of the world. To illustrate the point, the authors use a cooperative framework to elucidate the relationship between immigration of medical doctors and economic development in the long-run using the potential agreement between North Africa and the European Union as an example. The finding could have implications for the capacity of developing countries to turn around and use “circular immigration” as a means to integrate into the emerging knowledge economy.

1. The History and Constitutional Basis of the European Union

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel Foster
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Integration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

This chapter considers the rationale for the EU, why it was established, what it is, and some of the difficulties encountered along that path to the present day. The discussions cover the motives for European integration; the founding of the European Communities; the relationship of the UK with the European Communities and Union including the Brexit referendum result and possible consequences; the basic objectives and nature of the European Union; the widening and deepening of the Communities and Union; and future developments and conclusions.

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