A Theoretical Conceptualization of the Hidden Curriculum in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-40
Author(s):  
Dejan Hozjan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social System ◽  
Hidden Curriculum ◽  
Educational Practice ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Norms And Values ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Theoretical Conceptualization

The chapter is based on the presentation of an understanding of the hidden curriculum in the twentieth century. In this period, four theoretical concepts existed: functionalism, criticism, liberalism, and postmodernism. The starting point for the concept of the hidden curriculum was that of the functionalists. Their understanding of the hidden curriculum was based on the transfer of social norms and values to students. Representatives of criticism, for example, Michael Apple, Michael Young, carried the knowledge of functionalists to the concrete social environment and sought the reasons for social inequality and the role of the hidden curriculum in this. Also, liberal authors, such as John Dewey and Phillip Jackson, dealt with practical issues, being, however, interested in the impact of the hidden curriculum in educational practice. With postmodernists, like Michael Foucault, a critical view of the presented concepts is shown and a warning that the hidden curriculum takes place in a complex social system. This chapter explores a theoretical conceptualization of the hidden curriculum in the second half of the twentieth century.

The Developmental State

2019 ◽  
pp. 71-100
Author(s):  
Luis Eslava
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
The State ◽  
The South ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Institutional Formation ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Impact

The battle for international law during the era of decolonization in the mid-twentieth century was to a large extent a battle fought over the nature, function and objectives of the state—above all, over their relationship to the idea of ‘development’. A particular normative and institutional formation resulted from this battle: the ‘developmental state’, the impact of which on (in)dependence in the South was and continues to be profound. However, the ‘developmental state’ did not spring ready-made out of nowhere. On the contrary, using Latin America’s much earlier experience of colonialism, decolonization and independent statehood as a starting-point, this chapter draws attention to the long and complex process through which the developmental state’s most important elements emerged, defining what was thinkable and doable there and elsewhere in the post-colonial world.

scholarly journals The influence of social distancing on employee well-being: a conceptual framework and research agenda

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Tuzovic ◽  
Sertan Kabadayi
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Service Continuity ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe ongoing pandemic caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus has severely influenced lives and livelihoods. As service organizations either face hibernation or continuity of their business operations, the impact of social distancing measures raises major concerns for the well-being of service employees. In this paper, the authors develop a conceptual framework to examine how different social distancing practices impact an organization's service continuity or service hibernation, which in turn affects different dimensions of their employee subjective well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.Design/methodology/approachThe authors draw on macroeconomic data and industrial reports, linking them to theoretical concepts to develop a conceptual framework and a research agenda to serve as a starting point to fully understand the impact of this pandemic on employee well-being.FindingsThis article develops an overarching framework and research agenda to investigate the impact of social distancing practices on employee well-being.Originality/valueThe authors propose two opposing business concepts – service continuity and service hibernation – as possible responses to social distancing measures. By bridging different theoretical domains, the authors suggeste that there is a need to holistically examine macro-, meso- and micro-level factors to fully understand the impact of social distancing–related measures on employee well-being.

Language contact through translation

Target ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-455
Author(s):  
Shuangzi Pang ◽  
Kefei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Language Contact ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Parallel Corpus ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Sample Points ◽  
Chinese Texts

Abstract This article investigates the role of translations from English in language change in Chinese. It employs a new corpus, the Chinese Diachronic Composite Corpus (CDCC), which incorporates a parallel corpus and comparable corpus in three sampling periods in the twentieth century, and a refe­rence corpus as a starting point in the timeframe. We examine whether explicitness in English–Chinese translations has exerted an impact on the target language, focusing on adversative conjunctions as a measure of explicitness. The results of the study demonstrate that: (1) translated Chinese texts have changed in step with original Chinese texts in the frequency of adversative conjunctions; (2) translated Chinese texts and original Chinese texts are interrelated throughout the three periods, but the correlation between them has changed perceptibly over the three sample points; and (3) source language interference found in translated Chinese texts increases over the three periods.

scholarly journals Drawn to Story

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Daniel Gregson
Keyword(s):  
Academic Writing ◽  
Compulsory Education ◽  
Educational Practice ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Practitioner Research ◽  
Educational Improvement ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Language Research ◽  
Starting Point

Rising to the demands of academic writing, scholarship and research is challenging for many practitioners in post compulsory education. Only a small number manage to see their research through to completion and write-up. Therefore, their work is under-represented in peer-reviewed, published literature in the field of educational research. This article foregrounds the role of stories, storytelling and image in the development of different kinds of language, including scholarship and academic writing. Narrative accounts of experiences of practitioner-researchers beginning to engage in research through intensive residential research development workshops, delivered as part of a national Practitioner Research Programme (PRP), are used to illustrate the power of oracy, imagery and story in extending our ability to develop language; research and represent experience; and portray different forms of understanding in a range of educational contexts. The results indicate that being able to listen, read and ‘see’ the research stories of more experienced researchers, as well as telling stories of their own experiences of research, enables participants to become more comfortable in using experiences of educational practice as a starting point for research and to regard research and practice not as a dichotomy or as separate activities, but as dynamic and integral aspects of educational improvement.

Theorizing the role of executive heads in international organizations

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 865-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Hall ◽  
Ngaire Woods
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Senior Management ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Political Resource ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Global Agency ◽  
The Impact

International Relations scholars have long neglected the question of leadership in international organizations. The structural turn in International Relations led to an aversion to analysing or theorizing the impact of individuals. Yet, empirical studies suggest that different leaders affect the extent to which international organizations facilitate cooperation among states and/or the capacity of a global agency to deliver public goods. It is difficult to study how and under what conditions leaders have an impact due to the challenges of attributing outcomes to a particular leader and great variation in their powers and operating context. We offer a starting point for overcoming these challenges. We identify three different types of constraints that executive heads face: legal-political, resource and bureaucratic. We argue that leaders can navigate and push back on each of these constraints and provide illustrations of this, drawing on existing literature and interviews with executive heads and senior management of international organizations. Executive heads of international organizations may operate in a constrained environment but this should not stop scholars from studying their impact.

scholarly journals Social norms and the law in responding to infanticide

Legal Studies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Liberal Society ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Criminal Justice Response ◽  
Crucial Part

AbstractDuring the early and middle decades of the twentieth century, a number of jurisdictions introduced specific laws to deal with the crime of infanticide, following the English approach to this offence which allowed for a reduced conviction and flexible sentence in cases where women killed their babies aged under 12 months whilst in a mentally disturbed state. Taking the Irish experience, this paper explores the role of social norms in the criminal justice response to infanticide. It is argued that, irrespective of the existing legal framework in place, implicit shared social norms about the ‘appropriate’ outcome in cases where women killed their babies played a crucial part in how this crime has been dealt with by the courts. The criminal justice response will be assessed against shifting legal and social environments, in particular, the enactment of a specific Infanticide Act in 1949, and Ireland's transition from a conservative to a liberal society during the last decades of the twentieth century. In particular, the role of social norms in the interpretation of the medical rationale for this law is explored, and the impact of Ireland's social and cultural liberalisation on the criminal justice response to infanticide is examined.

scholarly journals Privatization of Biofilm Matrix in Structurally Heterogeneous Biofilms

mSystems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon B. Otto ◽  
Marivic Martin ◽  
Daniel Schäfer ◽  
Raimo Hartmann ◽  
Knut Drescher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Matrix Gene ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Matrix Components ◽  
Biofilm Development ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT The self-produced biofilm provides beneficial protection for the enclosed cells, but the costly production of matrix components makes producer cells susceptible to cheating by nonproducing individuals. Despite detrimental effects of nonproducers, biofilms can be heterogeneous, with isogenic nonproducers being a natural consequence of phenotypic differentiation processes. For instance, in Bacillus subtilis biofilm cells differ in production of the two major matrix components, the amyloid fiber protein TasA and exopolysaccharides (EPS), demonstrating different expression levels of corresponding matrix genes. This raises questions regarding matrix gene expression dynamics during biofilm development and the impact of phenotypic nonproducers on biofilm robustness. Here, we show that biofilms are structurally heterogeneous and can be separated into strongly and weakly associated clusters. We reveal that spatiotemporal changes in structural heterogeneity correlate with matrix gene expression, with TasA playing a key role in biofilm integrity and timing of development. We show that the matrix remains partially privatized by the producer subpopulation, where cells tightly stick together even when exposed to shear stress. Our results support previous findings on the existence of “weak points” in seemingly robust biofilms as well as on the key role of linkage proteins in biofilm formation. Furthermore, we provide a starting point for investigating the privatization of common goods within isogenic populations. IMPORTANCE Biofilms are communities of bacteria protected by a self-produced extracellular matrix. The detrimental effects of nonproducing individuals on biofilm development raise questions about the dynamics between community members, especially when isogenic nonproducers exist within wild-type populations. We asked ourselves whether phenotypic nonproducers impact biofilm robustness, and where and when this heterogeneity of matrix gene expression occurs. Based on our results, we propose that the matrix remains partly privatized by the producing subpopulation, since producing cells stick together when exposed to shear stress. The important role of linkage proteins in robustness and development of the structurally heterogeneous biofilm provides an entry into studying the privatization of common goods within isogenic populations.

Hidden Island

2019 ◽  
pp. 201-230
Author(s):  
Nicholas Evan Sarantakes
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Air Power ◽  
American Military ◽  
Pacific World ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Military Units ◽  
Political Negotiation

The Pacific world of the early twentieth century, dominated by Europe, Japan, and the United States, is gone. The region’s control by outsiders has been succeeded by increasing economic importance, broader political negotiation, and wider cultural acceptance. Whether considering transoceanic communication, popular understanding of air power, the limits to training a continental Asian army, local uses of food, the role of “special” military units, the understanding of nuclear weapons, or the impact of American military occupation, these essays shed light on the volatile Pacific as a whole. The chapters in War in the American Pacific and East Asia, 1941–1972illustrate how the mid-twentieth-century world set the stage for the Pacific of our own era, offering important waypoints for explaining the transition to the twenty-first century.

The Role of Self-Regulated Learning in Enhancing Conceptual Understanding of Rate of Chemical Reactions

2010 ◽  
pp. 248-267
Author(s):  
Eunice Eyitayo Olakanmi ◽  
Canan Blake ◽  
Eileen Scanlon
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Simulation Environment ◽  
Self Regulated Learning ◽  
Computer Based Learning ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Regulated Learning ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
The Impact

The authors have investigated the effects of self-regulated learning (SRL) prompts on the academic performance of 30 year 9 students (12-13 year olds) learning science in a computer-based simulation environment by randomly assigning participants to either a SRL prompted or non-SRL prompted group. Mixed methods approaches were adopted for data collection and data analysis. Students in the SRL prompted group were given activity sheets which contained SRL prompts, whereas students in the non-SRL prompted group received no SRL-prompts in their activity sheets but some general prompts regarding how to follow the activity sheet. The incorporation of SRL prompted instructions into a computer-based simulation environment that teaches the rates of chemical reactions facilitated the shift in learners’ academic performance more than the non-SRL-prompted condition did. This shift was associated with the presence of the SRL behavioural prompts in the activity sheets. This study is a starting point in understanding the impact of the application of SRL-prompted instructions to the teaching of topics in a computer-based learning environment with a view to improving students’ academic attainment.

The Professionalisation of Financial Advice in Britain

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Traditional Role ◽  
New Model ◽  
Financial Advice ◽  
The Impact

This paper reviews the impact of increasing state regulation of financial advice and its effect in requiring much higher levels of competence and probity, so stimulating professionalisation, though in doing so, pre-empting the traditional role of established professional bodies in securing competence and probity. Is it still possible at the end of the twentieth century for new professions to emerge? If so, is a new model of the professions in prospect?

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