Application of Software in Soil and Groundwater Recharge Estimation in Ilorin, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 184-207
Author(s):  
Afolabi M. Asani ◽  
Salihu Lukman ◽  
Isaiah Adesola Oke
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Correlation Factor ◽  
Unknown Parameters ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Average Annual Cost ◽  
Excel Solver ◽  
New Formula ◽  
Numerical Formula

Rainfalls measured in a selected location in Ilorin, Nigeria and standard formula were used to fix the unknown parameters of the new numerical formula using Microsoft Excel Solver. The new numerical formula was used to estimate groundwater recharge from the rainfall. The accuracy of the new numerical formula was evaluated statistically and compared with the previous formulae in use using field groundwater recharge. Correlation between rainfall and estimated groundwater recharge was stablished. Annual cost benefit of groundwater recharge was computed. The study revealed that new formula provided the lowest relative error of 0.001%, the highest MSC of 17.747; the degree of accuracy of 99.999% correlation factor between rainfall and groundwater recharge using the new numerical formula was 0.1612 with correlation coefficient of 0.6079. The average annual cost benefit was1080.24 $ m-2 per year. It was concluded that modeling of groundwater recharge using the new numerical formula is a promising tool for estimating groundwater recharge with minimum error in water resources management.

Analysis of the Impact and Burden of Illness of Polycythemia Vera (PV) and Essential Thrombocythemia (ET) in the US

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 2071-2071
Author(s):  
Jyotsna Mehta ◽  
Hongwei Wang ◽  
Usman Iqbal ◽  
Ruben A. Mesa
Keyword(s):  
Annual Cost ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Burden Of Illness ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Employment Equity ◽  
Patient Demographics ◽  
The Us ◽  
Average Annual Cost ◽  
Equity Ownership ◽  
Hospital Days

Abstract Abstract 2071 Background: PV and ET are clonal stem cell diseases belonging to the 3 BCR ABL negative myelopoliferative neoplasms. Patients with PV and ET suffer from splenomegaly and disease associated symptoms such as pruritus, night sweats, fatigue, and bone pain. Both diseases, if progressive despite standard therapies, are associated with an increased risk of thrombosis, bleeding, and progression to MF or even acute myeloid leukemia. Literature estimates looking at burden of illness are lacking for these disorders. Hence, real world analyses evaluating economic burden are imperative. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and economic burden of these disorders by describing the patient demographics, prevalence, comorbidities, utilization and costs using large scale databases. Method: The US IMPACT® claims database was used to retrospectively identify unique patients with PV and ET between 1/1/08 and 12/31/10. This database is a fully de-identified, HIPAA compliant national database that captures the complete medical history for over 100M managed care individuals, including patient demographics, disease description, laboratory results, and details of medical, pharmacy, outpatient, and inpatient claims. ICD9 CM codes were used to identify PV and ET. Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was used to assess overall comorbid disease status. Enrollment was restricted to those with a full year of medical and pharmacy benefit. Control group was age and gender matched but without any diagnosis of PV or ET. Medical costs include inpatient, outpatient and ER cost. Result: In 2010, we identified 5752 PV patients from ∼12M enrollees. This corresponds to an age adjusted prevalence of 56.5 cases/100000 patients. Compared with age gender matched control patients, PV patients had higher overall comorbidities (mean CCI 1.2 vs 0.7), were hospitalized more often (16% vs 8%), had higher average number of hospital days spent (1.7 vs 0.8), and had more outpatient visits (31 vs 18). PV patients incurred much higher average annual cost ($14,903 vs $7,913) than age gender matched controls driven by both medical ($12,006 vs $6,188) and pharmacy ($2,897 vs $1,724) cost. In 2010, we identified 5483 ET patients from ∼12M enrollees. This corresponds to an age adjusted prevalence of 56.1 cases/100000 patients. Compared with age gender matched control patients, ET patients had higher overall comorbidities (mean CCI 1.4 vs 0.7), were hospitalized more often (30% vs 9%), had higher average number of hospital days spent (5 vs 0.9 days), and had more outpatient visits (37 vs 19). ET patients incurred much higher average annual cost ($29,553 vs $8,026) than age gender matched controls driven by both medical ($26,287 vs $6,394) and pharmacy ($3,267 vs $1,631) cost. Similar trend was observed in 2008 and 2009. Over a period of 3 years, annual cost of PV ranged from $14,000-$16,000 and those of ET ranged from $29,000-$31,000. The utilization rate and total cost in each of conditions were significantly higher than those of their matched patients in each of the 3 years. Conclusion: PV and ET are associated with significant burden of illness. Healthcare expenditure was twice as higher in PV patients compared with the control group. ET patients incurred more than 3 times the healthcare expenditure than the control group. Our study indicates that PV and ET associated medical resource utilization and the corresponding expenditures for those services are substantive. In order to reduce the burden of illness associated with these diseases, continued efforts in the development of more efficacious treatments for these disorders are needed. Disclosures: Mehta: Sanofi: Employment. Wang:Sanofi: Employment, Equity Ownership. Iqbal:Sanofi: Employment, Equity Ownership. Mesa:Incyte: Research Funding; Lilly: Research Funding; Sanofi: Research Funding; NS Pharma: Research Funding; YM Bioscience: Research Funding.

Managing the Cost of Plant Piping System Leakage

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Jenco ◽  
Donna R. Keck ◽  
Gary L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Annual Cost ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Reactor Unit ◽  
Cost Impact ◽  
Plant Operations ◽  
Operations And Maintenance ◽  
Average Annual Cost ◽  
Leak Management ◽  
Fluid Leak

Recent studies have shown that the average annual cost impact of external piping system leakage on commercial nuclear plant operations and maintenance can easily range into the millions of dollars for each reactor unit. Evidence suggests that this significant O&M cost reduction opportunity has largely been overlooked, due to the number of diverse line items and budget areas affected. Results released last year from an EPRI pilot study of more than a dozen reactor units at seven plant sites operated by multiple utilities found that the average annual cost impact was indeed around $1.6 million per year per unit. Subsequent field experience has also demonstrated that an effective fluid leak management program can substantially reduce these costs within the first three years of implementation. This paper presents the general cost impact research results from various studies, outlines key elements of an effective plant fluid leak management program, discusses important implementation issues, and presents results from case studies covering different utility approaches to developing and implementing an effective fluid leak management program. Actual cost data will be included where appropriate.

The Clinical and Direct Medical Cost Burden of Splenectomy among Managed Care Patients with Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP).

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 5536-5536
Author(s):  
Louis M. Aledort ◽  
Roger M. Lyons ◽  
Gary Okano ◽  
Joseph Leveque
Keyword(s):  
Managed Care ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
Rescue Therapy ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Cost Driver ◽  
Standards Of Care ◽  
Care Plans ◽  
Inpatient Hospitalizations ◽  
Average Annual Cost ◽  
New Treatments

Abstract Background: ITP is a serious chronic disease involving increased platelet destruction and impaired platelet production. Corticosteroids (CS) are used most commonly to treat ITP and are associated with reduction in quality of life. Splenectomy is used less frequently but is a bigger cost driver. Improved therapies for ITP are needed in view of these compromises. Objective: A retrospective database analysis assessed clinical and economic burdens of ITP in a managed care population, focusing on CS use and splenectomy. Methods: Patients with a diagnosis of ITP (ICD9-CM code 287.3) between July 1, 2000, and December 31, 2003, were included if they had continuous health plan enrollment 6 months prior to and 12 months after index ITP diagnosis, were aged ≥18 years, and had any ITP-related treatment. This analysis used data from the PharMetrics Integrated Medical and Pharmaceutical Database, which includes data on diagnoses (ICD-9-CM format), procedures (CPT-4 and HCPCS formats), prescriptions (classified by NDC and AHFS), amounts paid and charged, and dates of service for all claims from >45 million patients participating in 82 different managed care plans (80% commercial, 3% Medicaid, 1.7% Medicare Risk, with the remainder “other”). Results: A total of 770 patients met the study criteria. The mean age was 43.2 years (±14.9) and females accounted for approximately 64% (n=489) of patients. A majority of patients (n=632, 82%) had at least one claim for CS therapy during the 12-month follow-up, and 93% (n=718) received CS for an average of 59.2 (±90.8) days during the 18 months surrounding the index diagnosis; 12% of patients (n=90) received splenectomy within 12 months of index diagnosis. The average time from ITP diagnosis to splenectomy was 119 days (±97). The average annual cost of care per patient was $23,420, with 43% attributable to inpatient hospitalizations. Splenectomized patients incurred an average annual cost of care of $48,424 (±$62,034), compared with $20,110 (±$45,466) for nonsplenectomized patients. Inpatient hospitalizations were the primary cost driver in patients who had undergone splenectomy (39.6%) as well as in those who had not (43.8%). Total health care costs were higher 14 days postsplenectomy ($12,839) versus 14 days presplenectomy ($7,176); this was consistent for inpatient costs ($6,988 vs $4,708), outpatient costs ($834 vs $631) and other combined costs ($4,623 vs $1,178). Almost 90% of splenectomized patients also received CS; this percentage was also greater at 14 days postsplenectomy (48.9%) compared with 14 days presplenectomy (30%). Anti-rhesus D (anti-D) immunoglobulin was also administered more frequently post- versus presplenectomy (8.9% vs 1.1%); this is potentially important, as average annual costs were higher ($32,268 ± 43,704) for patients with anti-D rescue therapy than for those without ($21,718 ± 48,494). Conclusions: Splenectomized patients (n=90) were nearly 2.5 times more costly than nonsplenectomized patients (n=680), incurring almost $28,000 greater costs, and also showed increased CS use after versus before splenectomy. Additional subanalyses are underway to assess impact of treatment-specific costs in this ITP patient population. Prospectively designed studies are needed to reevaluate standards of care for ITP and long-term patient outcomes as new treatments for ITP are developed.

Capital Switching and the Role of Ground Rent: 2 Switching between Circuits and Switching between Submarkets

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 711-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
R J King
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
Urban Housing ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Housing Sector ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
Average Annual Cost ◽  
Rent Theory

In the first paper of this series of three, Harvey's ‘circuits of capital’ argument was discussed, and was linked first to ground rent theory, and second to forms of social change and crisis in advanced, Western-style economies. In the present paper these various theoretical insights are used to reflect upon the urban housing market in Melbourne from the 1930s to the 1980s. It is concluded (1) that average rent (average annual cost relative to wages), and thereby housing-related accumulation, rose virtually uninterrupted from 1932 to 1977, providing the incentive to the suburbanisation boom of the 1950s and 1960s; (2) that an extraordinary rise in average rent in 1973 – 74 (to be viewed as ‘absolute rent’) created an affordability barrier, inhibiting the ability of the housing sector to provide an outlet for speculative investment in the current ‘global crisis’; and (3) that differentiated shifts in monopoly ground rent (that is, price rises in some submarkets and falls in others) thereby became increasingly important in providing incentive for both speculative and productive investment in housing. The third paper will extend this empirical exploration to the social conditions enabling these processes, and in turn affected by them.

scholarly journals The use of equivalent annual cost for cost-benefit analyses in flood risk reduction strategies

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 20005 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. (Maarten) Schoemaker ◽  
J.G. (Jules) Verlaan ◽  
R. (Robert) Vos ◽  
M. (Matthijs) Kok
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Flood Risk Reduction ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies

scholarly journals P019 Audit of prostanoid use in severe Raynaud’s and adherence to treatment of digital ulcers in patients with SSc NHSE pathway: commissioning policy cost analysis and alternative therapeutic pathway proposed

Rheumatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Young ◽  
Bridget Griffiths ◽  
Josephine Vila
Keyword(s):  
Annual Cost ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Digital Ulcers ◽  
Channel Blockers ◽  
Electronic Patient Records ◽  
Oral Medications ◽  
Blood Monitoring ◽  
Average Annual Cost ◽  
Policy Cost ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background/Aims  Severe Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) can lead to digital ulcers (DU), ischaemia, infection and gangrene. In 2015, NHS England published a commissioning policy enabling the use of bosentan for digital ulceration in SSc in patients refractory to intravenous 6-8 weekly prostanoid in combination with sildenafil following standard therapy (including calcium channel blockers (CCB), ACE inhibitors, losartan and fluoxetine). Bosentan is licensed to prevent new DUs in SSc. Specialist MDT ratification and Blueteq registration is required. RCTs showed bosentan reduced the formation of new DU by 30-50% in at risk individuals. It is a well-tolerated drug. It is now off-patent so its cost has reduced from £22,000 to £650 per year. Aim  To audit current departmental practice in patients receiving prostanoid (epoprostenol) for severe RP from any cause and check adherence to the patient pathway for treatment escalation prior to prostanoid therapy. To determine approximate costs of alternative therapeutic approaches. Methods  We retrospectively audited patients attending our day unit for epoprostenol infusions over a 12-month period between 2018 and 2019. Using our centre’s admissions database and electronic patient records, we identified which oral medications patients were currently co-prescribed or had previously trialled. Using pharmacy data and tariff costings, we calculated the cost of epoprostenol infusions and oral medications with blood monitoring. Results  Between 2018 and 2019, 73 patients attended for epoprostenol infusions: 31 SSc, 25 RP, 17 other diagnoses (mixed/undifferentiated CTD, SLE, vasculitis). The mean number of epoprostenol infusions per patient per year was 5.92 days (range 1-25). The percentage of patients who had first been trialled on the following medications include: CCB 77.4%, ACEi/ARB 41.1%, fluoxetine 9.59%, sildenafil 87.1% and tadalafil 25.8%. In the SSc group 22.6% had also trialled bosentan. Only 2 SSc patients (6.45%) had trialled all of the drugs on the pathway prior to prostanoid reflecting the relative lack of efficacy of some first line therapies. The departmental tariff per prostanoid infusion is £450, resulting in an estimated average annual cost of £2700 per patient. The annual cost of supplying bosentan 125mg twice daily plus blood monitoring for the first year is approximately £1350. Conclusion  Epoprostenol is used in our unit for patients with severe RP from a range of conditions. Sildenafil and CCB have been trialled in the majority of our patients prior to escalation. Only a minority of patients have received bosentan according to current guidelines and licensing. Given the reduction in cost, combined with the importance of avoiding hospital admissions with COVID-19, we would suggest that bosentan could be used earlier in the treatment pathway for a broader range of indications. NHSE is revising the SSc commissioning policy. Disclosure  A. Young: None. B. Griffiths: None. J. Vila: None.

scholarly journals Economic impact of medical genetic testing on clinical applications in Thailand

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243934
Author(s):  
Jiraphun Jittikoon ◽  
Sermsiri Sangroongruangsri ◽  
Montarat Thavorncharoensap ◽  
Natthakan Chitpim ◽  
Usa Chaikledkaew
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Medical Genetic ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Medical Genomics ◽  
Average Annual Cost ◽  
Clinical Benefits

Background Although the clinical benefits of medical genetic testing have been proven, there has been limited evidence on its economic impact in Thai setting. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the economic impact of genetic testing services provided by the Center for Medical Genomics (CMG) in Thailand. Methods Cost-benefit analysis was conducted from provider and societal perspectives. Cost and output data of genetic testing services provided by the CMG during 2014 to 2018 and published literature reviews were applied to estimate the costs and benefits. Monetary benefits related to genetic testing services were derived through human capital approach. Results The total operation cost was 126 million baht over five years with an average annual cost of 21 million baht per year. The net benefit, benefit-to-cost ratio, and return on investment were 5,477 million baht, 43 times, and 42 times, respectively. Productivity gain was the highest proportion (50.57%) of the total benefit. Conclusions The provision of genetic testing services at the CMG gained much more benefits than the cost. This study highlighted a good value for money in the establishment of medical genomics settings in Thailand and other developing countries.

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