Women-Founded Start-Ups

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-88
Author(s):  
Yaprak Kalafatoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Start Ups

The number of women-owned businesses has increased in the last several years. This chapter begins with the theoretical background of women entrepreneurship, its history, and its influencing factors. The rate of women-owned enterprises is lower than men's in most countries. Women-owned enterprises are characterized by their small size and a business segment with less monetary value. Women in developing countries face additional challenges due to limited resources and cultural barriers. Therefore, the discussion follows issues faced by these women. The role of culture and a cross-cultural comparison are presented to gain a thorough understanding. The chapter includes a qualitative study and concludes with a brief outlook.

Women-Founded Start-Ups

2021 ◽  
pp. 110-131
Author(s):  
Yaprak Kalafatoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Start Ups

The number of women-owned businesses has increased in the last several years. This chapter begins with the theoretical background of women entrepreneurship, its history, and its influencing factors. The rate of women-owned enterprises is lower than men's in most countries. Women-owned enterprises are characterized by their small size and a business segment with less monetary value. Women in developing countries face additional challenges due to limited resources and cultural barriers. Therefore, the discussion follows issues faced by these women. The role of culture and a cross-cultural comparison are presented to gain a thorough understanding. The chapter includes a qualitative study and concludes with a brief outlook.

scholarly journals The role of knowledge, risk perceptions, and cues to action among Iranian women concerning cervical cancer and screening: A qualitative exploration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahim Taghizadeh Asl ◽  
Liesbeth Van Osch ◽  
Nanne De Vries ◽  
Kazem Zendehdel ◽  
Mohsen Shams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Hereditary Factors ◽  
Cues To Action

Abstract Background Iran has a low incidence but higher rate of death from cervical cancer (CC). The country is in the process of implementing an organized screening program including HPV testing and cytology. Studies show high dropout in continued testing among eligible women. This qualitative study aimed to explore women’s awareness regarding CC and CC testing and the role of knowledge, perceived risk, and cues to action in this process.MethodThrough a qualitative study based on the Framework Method, we recruited 81 women aged 25-65 who participated in 15 focus group discussions (FGDs) and two in-depth interviews in Tehran. The interviewees were selected purposefully during January to May 2015 from households belonging to different socioeconomic classes until data saturation. The data were acquired through 11 open-ended questions and 32 related probe questions. All interviews were transcribed and independently analyzed by two researchers (Kappa and agreement testing respectively: 0.77, 97.11%).ResultsThe coded texts were categorized under three themes and 13 subthemes. The three thematic areas referred to knowledge, cues to action, and perceived risks regarding CC and screening. The results showed that women had limited and unspecified knowledge about CC and screening, compounded by misconceptions regarding infection and cancer prevention measures. Social and cultural barriers hindered proper communication between health system/providers and clients and within communities on subjects related to CC and screening. The perceived risk of getting CC was low because of overestimating the role of hereditary factors for CC, difficulty in differentiating between cancer and sexually transmitted infections (STI), and the absence of visible symptoms.ConclusionThe results indicate a strong need to invest more efforts to improve health education and communication in the current national health program to promote awareness of the need to screen for CC through, for example, establishing correct knowledge and risk perceptions among women. In addition, this intervention should address women’s social environment in order to prevent misconceptions being communicated to women.

scholarly journals The role of knowledge, risk perceptions and cues to action among Iranian women concerning cervical cancer and screening: A qualitative exploration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahim Taghizadeh Asl ◽  
Liesbeth Van Osch ◽  
Nanne De Vries ◽  
Kazem Zendehdel ◽  
Mohsen Shams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Cues To Action

Abstract Background: Iran has a low incidence of, but a higher rate of death from, cervical cancer (CC). The country is in the process of implementing an organized screening program including HPV testing and cytology. Studies show high drop-out in continued testing among eligible women. This qualitative study aimed to explore women’s awareness regarding CC and CC testing, and the role of knowledge, perceived risk, and cues to action in this process. Methods: In a qualitative study based on the Framework Method we recruited 81 women aged between 25-65 years, who participated in 15 focus group discussions (FGDs) and two in-depth interviews in Tehran, the capital of Iran. Interviewees were selected purposefully from households in different socioeconomic classes until data saturation, during January to May 2015. Data were acquired through 11 open-ended questions and 32 related probe questions. All interviews were transcribed and independently analyzed by two researchers (Kappa and agreement testing respectively: 0.77, 97.11%).Results: Coded texts were categorized under three themes and 13 subthemes. The three thematic areas referred to knowledge, cues to action and perceived risks regarding cervical cancer and screening. Results showed that women had limited and unspecified knowledge about cervical cancer and screening, compounded by misconceptions regarding infection and cancer prevention measures. Social and cultural barriers hindered proper communication between health system/providers and clients, and within communities on subjects related to cervical cancer and screening. Perceived risk of getting CC was low because of overestimating the role of hereditary factors for CC, difficulty in differentiating between cancer and sexually transmitted infections, and the absence of visible symptoms.Conclusions: The results indicate a strong need to invest more efforts to improve health education and communication in the current national health program to promote awareness of the need to screen for CC, through, for example, establishing correct knowledge and risk perceptions among women. In addition, this intervention should address women’s social environment in order to prevent misconceptions being communicated to women.

A Cross-Cultural Comparison of American and Japanese Experiences of Personal and Vicarious Shame

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 64-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niwako Yamawaki ◽  
Matthew P. Spackman ◽  
W. Gerrod Parrott
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Standardized Measurement ◽  
Multiple Samples ◽  
Vicarious Shame ◽  
Culture And Language

The purpose of this study was to examine cultural influences on shame. In particular, the focus was to assess the influence of the following factors on the object of shame (specifically, personal vs. vicarious shame): (1) the effect of individualism/collectivism, measured by a widely used standardized measurement; (2) the role of tightness/looseness (based on ecological factors); and (3) the patterns of within- and between-cultural differences and similarities. Data were collected from two American and two Japanese universities to test within- and between-cultural influences on the object of shame. Participants were asked to describe and rate three autobiographical experiences of shame, with each successive request being increasingly specific in asking for shame about something for which the participant did not feel responsible. Cultural differences in tightness and looseness, both within and between the two nations, were predictive of the likelihood that participants would report vicarious shame. In contrast, standard measures of individualism-collectivism did not predict these differences. These findings suggest that culture affects the object of shame. However, in contrast to our hypothesis, attitudinal measures of individualism/collectivism were not a significant predictor. Rather, tightness/looseness determined by ecological factors was the better predictor of some cultural differences on the object of shame. Furthermore, these findings imply that attitudinal measures of individualism/collectivism may not agree with ecological measures, and that including multiple samples from each language/nation effectively reduces the confound between culture and language.

scholarly journals Adaptation of the Relationship and Motivation Scale to the Turkish Culture

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Munevver Ilgun Dibek ◽  
Hatice C Yavuz ◽  
Ezel Tavsancil ◽  
Seher Yalcin
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Explanatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Turkish Culture ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of the present study was twofold: first to adapt the Relationship and Motivation (REMO) scale addressing role of peers and teachers in students’ motivations into Turkish culture, and second to determine whether there were any differences between girls and boys regarding the scores obtained from this scale. To achieve these aims, the present research was designed to be comprised of three consecutive studies. In Study 1, linguistic equivalence was established, and results of an Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) performed on data obtained from 202 students showed that structure of the original scale was supported. In Study 2, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted using data obtained from 496 Turkish students, and the results confirmed the results of EFA. Additionally, the validity evidence was obtained by conducting another EFA with 528 students. Moreover, reliability coefficients were also found to be varying in an acceptable range. Including the same participants of Study 2 in Study 3, t-test results showed that girls had significantly higher mean scores on the subscales of peers and teachers as positive motivators, and teachers as negative motivators. On the other hand, boys had significantly higher mean scores on the scale of peers as negative motivators. Results of these studies suggest that Turkish version of REMO is conceptually equivalent to original REMO, and similarly reliable and valid. Therefore, the adapted scale can not only be used in cross-cultural comparison and but also for determining the differentiation in the relations of students with their peers and teachers.

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