A Cross-Cultural Comparison of American and Japanese Experiences of Personal and Vicarious Shame

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 64-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niwako Yamawaki ◽  
Matthew P. Spackman ◽  
W. Gerrod Parrott
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Standardized Measurement ◽  
Multiple Samples ◽  
Vicarious Shame ◽  
Culture And Language

The purpose of this study was to examine cultural influences on shame. In particular, the focus was to assess the influence of the following factors on the object of shame (specifically, personal vs. vicarious shame): (1) the effect of individualism/collectivism, measured by a widely used standardized measurement; (2) the role of tightness/looseness (based on ecological factors); and (3) the patterns of within- and between-cultural differences and similarities. Data were collected from two American and two Japanese universities to test within- and between-cultural influences on the object of shame. Participants were asked to describe and rate three autobiographical experiences of shame, with each successive request being increasingly specific in asking for shame about something for which the participant did not feel responsible. Cultural differences in tightness and looseness, both within and between the two nations, were predictive of the likelihood that participants would report vicarious shame. In contrast, standard measures of individualism-collectivism did not predict these differences. These findings suggest that culture affects the object of shame. However, in contrast to our hypothesis, attitudinal measures of individualism/collectivism were not a significant predictor. Rather, tightness/looseness determined by ecological factors was the better predictor of some cultural differences on the object of shame. Furthermore, these findings imply that attitudinal measures of individualism/collectivism may not agree with ecological measures, and that including multiple samples from each language/nation effectively reduces the confound between culture and language.

Creativity Through the Eyes of Professional Artists in Cuba, Germany, and Russia

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Dominik Güss ◽  
Ma. Teresa Tuason ◽  
Noemi Göltenboth ◽  
Anastasia Mironova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Creative Process ◽  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Emotional Process ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Fluid Process

Creativity plays an important role in the advancement of all societies around the world, yet the role of cultural influences on creativity is still unclear. Following systems theory, activity theory, and ecocultural theory, semistructured interviews with 30 renowned artists (writers, composers, and visual artists) from Cuba, Germany, and Russia were conducted to explore the complexity of the creative process and potential cultural differences. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using consensual qualitative research methodology. The following eight main domains resulted from the interviews: How I became an artist, What being an artist means to me, Creating as a cognitive process, Creating as an emotional process, Creating as a motivational process, Fostering factors of creativity, Hindering factors, and The role of culture in creating. Artists in the three countries similarly talked about creativity being a fluid process where ideas change, and elaborated on the role of intuition and the unconscious when creating art. Meaningful cross-cultural differences were seen among the artists of three cultural backgrounds in terms of attitudes about financial instability, in how they perceive themselves, in their art’s societal function, in the cognitive and in the emotional process of creating, and in terms of social connectedness. Results highlight (a) the complexity of the creative process going beyond cognitive factors and including motivational, emotional, and sociocultural factors, and (b) the cultural differences in the creative process. Results are beneficial for further developing a comprehensive theory of the creative process taking cultural differences into consideration.

Dimensions of Sensation Seeking Scale Form VI: Cross-Cultural Comparison

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 567-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa A. Torki
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Sensation Seeking Scale

In this study the factor structure of the Sensation Seeking Scale Form VI was compared for the Kuwaiti and American subjects. Thrill and adventure seeking Factor, Part II Intention, showed good cross-cultural reliability for men only. The differences between findings of this analysis and that of Zuckerman could be interpreted as evidence of cultural differences between Kuwaiti and American subjects in sensation seeking.

Women-Founded Start-Ups

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-88
Author(s):  
Yaprak Kalafatoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Start Ups

The number of women-owned businesses has increased in the last several years. This chapter begins with the theoretical background of women entrepreneurship, its history, and its influencing factors. The rate of women-owned enterprises is lower than men's in most countries. Women-owned enterprises are characterized by their small size and a business segment with less monetary value. Women in developing countries face additional challenges due to limited resources and cultural barriers. Therefore, the discussion follows issues faced by these women. The role of culture and a cross-cultural comparison are presented to gain a thorough understanding. The chapter includes a qualitative study and concludes with a brief outlook.

Children's Spatial-Perceptual Preferences: A Cross-Cultural Comparison

1980 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-160
Author(s):  
Albert O. Shar ◽  
William E. Geeslin
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Nursery School ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Perceptual Task ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Topological Properties ◽  
Grade Levels ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
American Children

In the first stage of investigating how children perceive and conceptualize spatial figures, Geeslin and Shar (1979) developed procedures for making objective comparisons of two-dimensional figures. Piaget and lnhelder (1967, 1971) claimed that the cognitive structures of children allow them to operate on the topological properties of figures prior to being able to conceptualize Euclidean properties. However, Geeslin and Shar (1979) found no indication of spatial developmental differences on a perceptual task among American children in the nursery school through fourth-grade levels (ages 3 years and up, N = 345). Although a variety of plausible reasons for these apparently contradictory findings can be put forth, the investigation reported here pursued the possibility of cultural differences between American and Swiss children.

scholarly journals Adaptation of the Relationship and Motivation Scale to the Turkish Culture

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 181
Author(s):  
Munevver Ilgun Dibek ◽  
Hatice C Yavuz ◽  
Ezel Tavsancil ◽  
Seher Yalcin
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Cultural Comparison ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Cross Cultural Comparison ◽  
Explanatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Turkish Culture ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of the present study was twofold: first to adapt the Relationship and Motivation (REMO) scale addressing role of peers and teachers in students’ motivations into Turkish culture, and second to determine whether there were any differences between girls and boys regarding the scores obtained from this scale. To achieve these aims, the present research was designed to be comprised of three consecutive studies. In Study 1, linguistic equivalence was established, and results of an Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) performed on data obtained from 202 students showed that structure of the original scale was supported. In Study 2, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted using data obtained from 496 Turkish students, and the results confirmed the results of EFA. Additionally, the validity evidence was obtained by conducting another EFA with 528 students. Moreover, reliability coefficients were also found to be varying in an acceptable range. Including the same participants of Study 2 in Study 3, t-test results showed that girls had significantly higher mean scores on the subscales of peers and teachers as positive motivators, and teachers as negative motivators. On the other hand, boys had significantly higher mean scores on the scale of peers as negative motivators. Results of these studies suggest that Turkish version of REMO is conceptually equivalent to original REMO, and similarly reliable and valid. Therefore, the adapted scale can not only be used in cross-cultural comparison and but also for determining the differentiation in the relations of students with their peers and teachers.

Issues of clinical and cultural competence in Caribbean migrants

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick W. Hickling ◽  
Vanessa Paisley
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Competence ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Language Differences ◽  
Therapeutic Experience ◽  
The World ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Very High

The level of out-migration from the Caribbean is very high, with migration of tertiary-level educated populations from Caribbean countries being the highest in the world. Many clinicians in receiving countries have had limited diagnostic and therapeutic experience with Caribbean migrants, resulting in diagnostic and therapeutic controversies. There is an urgent need for better understanding of these cultural differences. The paper explores issues of clinical and cultural competence relevant to assessing, diagnosing, and treating Caribbean migrants with a focus on three areas: cultural influences on illness phenomenology; the role of language differences in clinical misunderstandings; and the complexities of culture and migration. Clinical issues are illustrated with case studies culled from four decades of clinical experience of the first author, an African Jamaican psychiatrist who has worked in the Caribbean, North America, Europe, and New Zealand.

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