Risk Management in Banking

2011 ◽  
pp. 26-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Göran Bergendahl ◽  
Ted Lindblom
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Risk Environment ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Vital Importance ◽  
Credit Risks ◽  
Structured Approach

Banks play an important role in the financial system contributing to efficient and well functioning transfers of capital and risk between those in excess (savers) and those in need (borrowers) of money. Traditionally, financial risks, like interest rate, foreign exchange and credit risks, have been the most important and typical ones for banking operations. However, lately the risk environment of banks has changed considerably. In this study we are stressing the vital importance for the single bank to have a much more sophisticated and well-structured approach to risk management than it had 15 years ago. Our main focus is on how banking objectives such as profitability and growth should govern risk management, and how these objectives are made operational into the management of those assets and liabilities exposed to changes in market prices and in customer repayments of loans.

FINANCIAL RISKS OF MICROFINANCIAL ORGANIZATIONS (FOREIGN EXPERIENCE)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 48-62
Author(s):  
Viktor V. Erokhin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Interest Rate Risk ◽  
Risk Exposure ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Foreign Exchange Risk ◽  
High Interest Rate ◽  
Exchange Risk

New ideas make it clear that attempts by the international community to support microfinance institutions and provide them with borrowers do not always take into account the most serious financial risks of lenders. This study examines the exposure of microfinance institutions to liquidity, interest rate and foreign exchange (FX) risks. Analyzing data from financial statements of microfinance institutions, it can be concluded that the microfinance sector faces minimal liquidity risk, high interest rate risk and lower than commonly as-sumed foreign exchange risk. Linking risk exposure to institutional characteristics, the data show that legal status and regional affiliation correlate with risk exposure, but regulatory quality does not. The results indicate that the lender community may not expect great benefits from expanding the array of ongoing measures from credit market regulators to mitigate liquidity or foreign exchange risk.

scholarly journals Interest Rate and Foreign Exchange Risk Exposures of Australian Banks: A Note

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abul F. M. Shamsuddin
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Stock Returns ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Exchange Rate Regime ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Flexible Exchange Rate ◽  
Risk Exposure ◽  
Exchange Risk ◽  
Exchange Rate Changes

The abolition of most government controls over the Australian financial system in the 1980s, the advent of a flexible exchange rate regime in 1983 and the globalisation of the financial system in the 1990s have created new opportunities for Australian banks but exposed them to new sources of risk. This study estimates systematic risk exposure of publicly listed Australian banks with respect to market, interest rate and foreign exchange rate using a GARCH-in-Mean model. Not surprisingly, the results suggest that nearly all banks exhibit varying degrees of market risk exposure. However, stock returns of large banks are highly sensitive to interest rate changes, while most small banks are almost immune to both interest and exchange rate changes.  

scholarly journals Internal Financial Risk Management In Microfinance Companies: A Case Study Of Akuapem Rural Bank, Ghana

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Rebecca Davis ◽  
Elvis K. Donkoh ◽  
Bernard Mawah ◽  
Blessed Amonoo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Operational Risks ◽  
Credit Risks

The operations of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in Ghana have recently come under serious public scrutiny. This position was fairly caused by Bank of Ghana’s (BOG’s) announcement regarding 70 microfinance companies whose provisional licenses were revoked BOG (2016). This led to the closure of DKM Diamond Microfinance and some other microfinance companies in the country. This worsening circumstance surrounding the microfinance industry calls for the need to provide practical knowledge on the use of financial analysis tools to manage internal financial risks of the microfinance industry. Data from Akuapem Rural Bank (AKRB) financial statements for the period of 2008 to 2015 (refer to appendix) was analysed using regression analysis, descriptive statistics, trend analysis and ratios. It was observed that the profitability of AKRB is greatly influenced by credit risks, bank size, interest income growth and debt-ratio. The study also revealed that AKRB had comprehensive and adequate risk management structures in place in managing its credit and other operational risks.

scholarly journals MODERN APPROACHES TO RISK MANAGEMENT OF EXPORT OPERATIONS IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Bondarenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Futures Contracts ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Credit Risks

Agriculture is an industry of strategic importance for Ukraine, the development of which is aimed not only at obtaining commercial profits, but also at ensuring food and national security. Agricultural production and its export activities are subject to the influence of uncertainty factors that lead to the emergence of risks in economic activities. These factors determine are: natural conditions, unstable market conditions, political and economic instability. The purpose of the study is to identify the most significant risks in the export operations of agricultural producers and to study modern approaches to their management. The current practice of managing the export business of industrial and commercial enterprises in the scientific literature is widely spread, at the same time in the context of the Silk spirits of food there is a lack of food. In the statistic, the basic principles of the export-oriented enterprises of the national economy of the Silskoy state gift are grounded: logistic, currency and financial, environmental and credit risks.The role of risks in the formation of export strategies of agricultural producers are shown. Stages of management of export operations in the agricultural sector of the national economys by methodology The World Bank are substantiated ARM. Formation of a risk management strategy for export operations in the agricultural sector of the national economy carried out by minimization of financial risks (futures contracts, swaps and options); reducing the risks of entering into contractual relations with insolvent partners. For reduce risks exporters are used insurance services. An enterprise can create reserves for unforeseen costs, predict sectoral (for suppliers) price dynamics, involve suppliers in the company's activities by concluding participation agreements. It is substantiated that the highest risks for Ukraine's export-oriented agribusiness are logistics, monetary, financial, environmental and credit risks. It is shown that implementation of ARM is a modern comprehensive risk management tool for export-oriented agricultural enterprises. Prospects for further research is development of methods for assessing the export risks of agricultural producers.

scholarly journals Forex Risk Management by SMEs and Unlisted Non-financial Firms: A Literature Survey

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aman Chugh ◽  
Renuka Sharma ◽  
Kiran Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Foreign Exchange Risk ◽  
Interest Rate Derivatives ◽  
Financial Firms ◽  
Currency Derivatives ◽  
Exchange Risk

In the recent globalised financial markets, financial markets are more integrated which leads to more foreign exchange risk for firms. In such scenario currency derivatives are top most operational hedging strategy to manage foreign exchange risk. This scenario is different in developed and emerging markets as turnover of derivatives is growing swiftly in emerging markets and uses of currency derivatives is common but lower in comparison to the interest rate derivatives. In emerging markets (Hong Kong, Singapore and Brazil) use of currency derivatives is fifty per cent of total derivative traded follow by equity derivatives and interest rate derivatives (Mihaljek and Packer, 2010). The benefits of doing hedging have been discussed by many finance experts. These include classic contribution by Miller and Modigliani (1958) and then by Smith and Stulz (1985). Several studies have employed the questionnaire approach for the analysis of exchange-rate exposure management in non-financial firms (e.g. Bodnar and Gebhardt, 1999; Hakkarainen et al., 1998; Bodnar et al., 1998; Marshall, 2000; Ceuster et al., 2000; Mallin et al., 2001). The most refered study is Bodnar et al. (1998), which considered publicly traded U.S. firms. The present study examines the forex risk management by SMEs and unlisted non-financial forms in the form of literature review.

Macroeconomic Determinants of Stock Market Prices in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
Bhim Prasad Panta
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Money Supply ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Economic Variables ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Ardl Model ◽  
Long Run

Background: Stock market plays a crucial role in the financial system of a country. It can be viewed as a channel through which resources are properly channelized. It enables the governments and industry to raise long-term capital for financing new projects. The stock markets of developing economies are likely to be sensitive to various macro-economic factors such as GDP, imports, exports, exchange rates etc., when there is high demand on financial products, as a constituent of financial market, ultimately stock market needs to develop. Many factors can be a signal to stock market participants to expect a higher or lower return when investing in stock and one of these factors are macroeconomic variables and thus, macro-economic variables tend to effect on stock market development. Objective: This study examines the linkage between stock market prices (NEPSE index) and five macro-economic variables, namely; real GDP, broad money supply, interest rate, inflation, and exchange rate using ARDL model and to explain the behavior of the Nepal Stock Exchange Index. Methods: The ECM which is delivered from ARDL model through simple linear transformation to integrate short run adjustments with long run equilibrium without losing long run information. The analysis has been done by using 25 years' annual data from 1994 to 2019. Findings: The result suggests that the fluctuation of Nepse Index in long run is strongly associated with broad money supply, interest rate, inflation, and exchange rate. Conclusion: Though Nepalese stock market is in primitive stage, broad money supply, interest rate, inflation and exchange rate are major factors affecting stock market price of Nepal. So, policies and strategies should be made and directed taking these in to consideration. Implication: The findings of research can be helpful to understand the behavior of Nepalese stock market and develop policies for market stabilization.

FEATURES OF RISK MANAGEMENT AFTER REALIZING PPP PROJECTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 179-190
Author(s):  
Mariya Zinovievivna Masik
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Contract Negotiations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Risks ◽  
Force Majeure ◽  
Investment Agreement ◽  
The Law ◽  
Partnership Agreement

The article is devoted to the clarification of the peculiarities of risk management during the implementation of PPP projects. The author identifies a set of risks for a private partner, business risks of PPP projects and the main risks associated with the protests of the public, as well as public and international organizations. The typical risks of PPP projects are presented, including force majeure, political risks, profitability risks, operational, construction, financial risks, and the risk of default. The world experience of sharing risks between the partners is presented. Also named are the main methods for assessing the risks of PPP projects. It has been determined that the conditions on which the parties should reach agreement in order for the contract to be concluded are essential. Risk management can be implemented within the framework of the essential conditions for the allocation of risks. However, the provisions of the law provide for the allocation of only those risks identified by the results of an analysis of the effectiveness of the PPP project. Legislation does not directly determine how risks can be allocated to the risks identified during the pre-contract negotiations (or even at a later stage), but not taken into account in the analysis of efficiency. For example, suggestions on the terms of the partnership agreement as part of the bidding proposal may include suggestions on risk management mechanisms. There are no definite and can not be fully defined possible ways of managing risks in view of their specificity for a particular project. For this purpose, it is advisable to provide for a period of familiarization with the draft tender documentation and the possibility of making changes to it based on the findings received from potential contestants. It is also advisable to foresee cases in which it is possible to review certain terms of the contract without a competition. It is substantiated that the law does not restrict the possibility of foreseeing specific terms of an agreement on the implementation of the PPP project or to conclude additional (auxiliary) contractual instruments (for example, an investment agreement). At the same time, when laying down conditions not provided for by law, it is necessary to take into account the scope of competence of the state partner. Also, in order to ensure the principle of equality of conditions, the state partner should provide such additional conditions in the tender documentation.

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