Patterns in Electronic Brainstorming

2011 ◽  
pp. 101-116
Author(s):  
Alan R. Dennis ◽  
Alain Pinsonneault ◽  
Kelly McNamara Hilmer ◽  
Henri Barki ◽  
Brent Galupe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
Nominal Group ◽  
Social Loafing ◽  
Electronic Brainstorming ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Group Brainstorming ◽  
Electronic Groups ◽  
First Time

Research has shown that some groups using electronic brainstorming generate more unique ideas than groups using nominal group brainstorming, while others do not. This study examined two factors through which group size may affect brainstorming performance: synergy and social loafing. Groups brainstormed using three techniques to manipulate synergy and two group sizes to manipulate social loafing. We found no social loafing effects. We found a time effect: nominal brainstorming groups that received no synergy from the ideas of others produced more ideas than electronic groups in the first time period and fewer ideas in the last time period. We conclude that synergy from the ideas of others is only important when groups brainstorm for longer time period. We also conclude that electronic brainstorming groups should be given at least 30 minutes to work on tasks, or else they will be unlikely to develop synergy.

Patterns in Electronic Brainstorming

2011 ◽  
pp. 193-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan R. Dennis ◽  
Alain Pinsonneault ◽  
Kelly McNamara Hilmer ◽  
Henri Barki ◽  
Brent Gallupe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Nominal Group ◽  
Social Loafing ◽  
Electronic Brainstorming ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Group Brainstorming ◽  
Electronic Groups ◽  
First Time

Previous research has shown that some groups using electronic brainstorming generate more unique ideas than groups using nominal group brainstorming, while others do not. This study examined two factors through which group size may affect brainstorming performance: synergy and social loafing. Groups brainstormed using three techniques to manipulate synergy and two group sizes to manipulate social loafing. We found no social loafing effects. There were significant differences in synergy, but not the ones we had theorized. Instead, we found a time effect: nominal brainstorming groups that received no synergy from the ideas of others produced more ideas than electronic groups in the first time period and fewer ideas in the last time period. We conclude that synergy from the ideas of others is only important when groups brainstorm for longer time periods and may have a harder time generating ideas. We also conclude that electronic brainstorming groups, whether in the field or in the research laboratory, should be given at least 30 minutes to work on tasks or else they will be unlikely to develop synergy.

A Meta-Analysis of Group Size Effects in Electronic Brainstorming

2011 ◽  
pp. 250-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan R. Dennis ◽  
Michael L. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Size Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Nominal Group ◽  
Relative Benefit ◽  
Electronic Brainstorming ◽  
Nominal Groups ◽  
Group Brainstorming

Electronic brainstorming (EBS) has been a focus of academic research since the 1980s. The results suggest that in most—but not all—cases, groups using EBS produce more ideas than groups using verbal brainstorming. In contrast, the results comparing groups using EBS to groups using nominal group brainstorming have been mixed: sometimes EBS group produce more ideas, while in other cases, nominal groups produce more. This article examines the effects of group size on EBS, verbal brainstorming, and nominal group brainstorming. We found that group size is a significant factor in predicting the performance of EBS relative to verbal brainstorming, and nominal group brainstorming. As group size increases, the relative benefit of EBS increases. EBS groups outperform verbal groups when group size reaches four people. EBS groups outperform nominal groups when group size reaches 10 people.

The Relationship Between City “Greenness” and Homicide in the US: Evidence Over a 30-Year Period

2021 ◽  
pp. 001391652110450
Author(s):  
Jonnell C. Sanciangco ◽  
Gregory D. Breetzke ◽  
Zihan Lin ◽  
Yuhao Wang ◽  
Kimberly A. Clevenger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Violent Crime ◽  
P Value ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
Violence Reduction ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
Longitudinal Effects ◽  
Curve Modeling ◽  
First Time ◽  
Us Cities

Residents in US cities are exposed to high levels of stress and violent crime. At the same time, a number of cities have put forward “greening” efforts which may promote nature’s calming effects and reduce stressful stimuli. Previous research has shown that greening may lower aggressive behaviors and violent crime. In this study we examined, for the first time, the longitudinal effects over a 30-year period of average city greenness on homicide rates across 290 major cities in the US, using multilevel linear growth curve modeling. Overall, homicide rates in US cities decreased over this time-period (52.1–33.5 per 100,000 population) while the average greenness increased slightly (0.41–0.43 NDVI). Change in average city greenness was negatively associated with homicide, controlling for a range of variables (β = −.30, p-value = .02). The results of this study suggest that efforts to increase urban greenness may have small but significant violence-reduction benefits.

scholarly journals Impact of VOCs on the formation of ozone in a central China city during severe pollution periods

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bowei Li ◽  
Steven Sai Hang Ho ◽  
Sunling Gong ◽  
Jingwei Ni ◽  
Huairui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Central China ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Pmf Model ◽  
Sampling Campaign ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Ozone Formation Potential ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
First Time

Abstract. In this work, a five-month sampling campaign was conducted for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for the first time in Zhengzhou City, Henan province, China, where ozone (O3) pollution has shown an increasing trend in recent years. Fifty-seven VOCs defined by the Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) were sampled using canister method. Meanwhile, other O3 precursor gases were monitored online at four different sites between the time period of May–September, 2017. The results indicated that the average mixing ratio of ΣPAMS (31.57 ± 23.35 ppbv) in Zhengzhou was lower than the other megacities in China, while alkyne was in a significantly higher proportion. The abundances, compositions and ratios of PAMS showed strong spatial and temporal variations. Alkenes were the largest contributors to the ozone formation potential (OFP). On clear days, higher O3 levels were often accompanied with high ΣPAMS/NOx ratio at each site, demonstrating that the VOCs were more sensitive during the O3 formation period in Zhengzhou. Furthermore, source apportionmemt was conducted with Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model, and it was found that the use of compressed natural gas (CNG), the evaporation of gasoline and the exhaust from vehicles were the important sources for ambient VOCs at all four sites. Besides, the meterological conditions and long-range transport from other surrounding provinces also had an impact on the air quality determined using the cluster analysis. It is worth mentioning that the reduction in VOCs' emissions is necessary to suppress the O3 pollution.

scholarly journals A short history of climate change

2020 ◽  
Vol 246 ◽  
pp. 00002
Author(s):  
Dirk Notz
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Short History ◽  
Unique Challenge ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Natural Climate ◽  
First Time

The flux of energy through the climate system determines the living conditions of our planet. In this contribution, I outline the main processes regulating this flux of energy, how these processes have changed throughout Earth history, and how today they are changing by human activities, in particular by activities related to energy production. The changes in the climate state of our planet, which have been ongoing ever since the formation of the Earth some 5 billion years ago, have shaped the world we live in today. Yet, today’s climate change is special in two overarching ways. First, it is the first time that a major climate change is globally affecting a civilisation that is perfectly adapted to thousands of years of stable climate conditions. Second, today’s climate change is occurring at a rate much faster than preceding natural climate changes. In combination, these two factors make today’s climate change a unique challenge to humankind, with direct consequences of future energy production as outlined in the other contributions to this volume.

The sediment-landform assemblage in the forefield of the Gepatsch Glacier, Tirol, Austria and its preservation potential

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Le Heron ◽  
Bethan Davies ◽  
Lars Scharfenberg ◽  
Christoph Kettler ◽  
Michael Ketterman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentary Facies ◽  
Erosion And Deposition ◽  
Glacial Sediments ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Preservation Potential ◽  
Elevation Changes ◽  
Sand And Gravel ◽  
First Time

<p>Ongoing monitoring of the Gepatsch Glacier, Tirol (Austria) consists of a multifaceted, interdisciplinary project which aims to characterise short term (diurnal in the summer melt season) and longer term (annual to decadal) changes to the glacier snout and forefield in the context of a rapid retreating valley glacier. The glacial valley and forefield comprises amphibolites, para- and orthogneisses that have been smoothed and striated into whalebacks, compound bedrock-sediment bedforms (crag and tail structures), flutes, and annual moraines. The glacial sediments and landforms are undergoing incision and terrace development by meltwater streams. As part of a long term goal to characterise the rates of erosion, sedimentation, and re-deposition, we return to the same site each year in mid-July to collect airborne data with an UAV (Mavic Pro drone) that allows us to produce orthophotos and digital elevation models. We compute the daily and annual elevation changes, allowing us determine zones of erosion and deposition. Measureable evidence for erosion of flutes in the immediate glacial forefield has occurred over a 12-month time period. Till deposited within the last 20 years has undergone substantial mass wasting and re-deposition as subaerial mass flows, or reworked into stream deposits. The lee side of many whaleback structures completely lacks subglacial sediment, and contains instead a sand and gravel deposit interpreted to result from waterlain deposition. Thus, this case study area offers insight into the rates of erosion and deposition in a complex, proglacial setting, allowing some of these processes to be quantified for the first time. This approach is expected to yield a better understanding of the preservation potential of proglacial sedimentary facies, and hence their preservation potential in Earth’s sedimentary record.</p>

The Great Reforms

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-98
Author(s):  
Paul Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Judicial System ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Government Reforms ◽  
First Time ◽  
Conservative Turn ◽  
Great Reforms

This chapter takes a look at the Great Reforms, a series of reforms conducted by Nicholas's son and successor, Alexander II. In March 1861, he decreed the emancipation of the serfs. Another important element of the Great Reforms was an overhaul of the judicial system in 1864, the most notable part of which was the establishment for the first time of trial by jury. Also in 1864, Alexander introduced a system of elected local self-government. Reforms continued into the 1870s, the most important probably being the reorganization of the army, which introduced a system of general conscription. But although reform continued, from the mid-1860s onward popular enthusiasm for it began to decline, and Russia's educated elites shifted in a conservative direction. Two factors contributed to this conservative turn. The first was a revolt that broke out in Poland in 1863, which the Russian government eventually crushed in 1864. The second was an increase in radical terrorism.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kathryn Brown ◽  
George J. Bey
Keyword(s):  
Social Complexity ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Classic Maya ◽  
Maya Lowlands ◽  
Time Period ◽  
New Information ◽  
Preclassic Maya ◽  
Middle Preclassic ◽  
First Time

This introduction to the edited volume by Brown and Bey summarizes past research on the Preclassic Maya and discusses an explosion of new information from the last fifteen years pushing back the origins of social complexity into the Middle Preclassic. This chapter highlights the fact that this volume brings together important archaeology and research considering the Middle and Late Preclassic periods from both the southern and northern Maya lowlands for the first time. The Late Preclassic was long thought to be the time period by which archaeologists could explain the rise and nature of Classic Maya culture. However, as the fifteen chapters in this volume argue, any discussion of the development of social complexity must be focused on the Middle Preclassic (1000-300 B.C.).

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