The Great Reforms

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-98
Author(s):  
Paul Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Judicial System ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Government Reforms ◽  
First Time ◽  
Conservative Turn ◽  
Great Reforms

This chapter takes a look at the Great Reforms, a series of reforms conducted by Nicholas's son and successor, Alexander II. In March 1861, he decreed the emancipation of the serfs. Another important element of the Great Reforms was an overhaul of the judicial system in 1864, the most notable part of which was the establishment for the first time of trial by jury. Also in 1864, Alexander introduced a system of elected local self-government. Reforms continued into the 1870s, the most important probably being the reorganization of the army, which introduced a system of general conscription. But although reform continued, from the mid-1860s onward popular enthusiasm for it began to decline, and Russia's educated elites shifted in a conservative direction. Two factors contributed to this conservative turn. The first was a revolt that broke out in Poland in 1863, which the Russian government eventually crushed in 1864. The second was an increase in radical terrorism.

scholarly journals A short history of climate change

2020 ◽  
Vol 246 ◽  
pp. 00002
Author(s):  
Dirk Notz
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Short History ◽  
Unique Challenge ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Natural Climate ◽  
First Time

The flux of energy through the climate system determines the living conditions of our planet. In this contribution, I outline the main processes regulating this flux of energy, how these processes have changed throughout Earth history, and how today they are changing by human activities, in particular by activities related to energy production. The changes in the climate state of our planet, which have been ongoing ever since the formation of the Earth some 5 billion years ago, have shaped the world we live in today. Yet, today’s climate change is special in two overarching ways. First, it is the first time that a major climate change is globally affecting a civilisation that is perfectly adapted to thousands of years of stable climate conditions. Second, today’s climate change is occurring at a rate much faster than preceding natural climate changes. In combination, these two factors make today’s climate change a unique challenge to humankind, with direct consequences of future energy production as outlined in the other contributions to this volume.

Physical and Legal Inability under Article 17(3) of the Rome Statute

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-123
Author(s):  
Ahmed Samir Hassanein
Keyword(s):  
International Criminal Court ◽  
Rome Statute ◽  
International Criminal ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Subject

While the complementary regime of the International Criminal Court (icc) has been the subject of extensive examination in the literature, this article offers a new reading of the inability scenario that establishes a clear distinction between two different forms of inability under Article 17(3) of the Rome Statute. An in-depth analysis of this article as this review suggests, would show that the reason behind the inability of a national judicial system is attributed to one of two factors or even the two together; first, physical factors, in the case of ‘total or substantial collapse’, and second, legal factors, in the case of ‘unavailability of national judicial system’. Significantly, the aforementioned distinction is not limited to theoretical debate, but it has pivotal legal ramifications as the emerging practice of the icc shows, or rather does not show, as it seems that the icc confuses the two forms of inability.

Assessing Cognitive and Affective Empathy Through the Interpersonal Reactivity Index

Assessment ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 769-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelia G. Chrysikou ◽  
W. Jake Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Factor Structure ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Reactivity Index ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Affective Empathy ◽  
Interpersonal Reactivity Index ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
First Time

One aspect of higher order social cognition is empathy, a psychological construct comprising a cognitive (recognizing emotions) and an affective (responding to emotions) component. The complex nature of empathy complicates the accurate measurement of these components. The most widely used measure of empathy is the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). However, the factor structure of the IRI as it is predominantly used in the psychological literature differs from Davis’s original four-factor model in that it arbitrarily combines the subscales to form two factors: cognitive and affective empathy. This two-factor model of the IRI, although popular, has yet to be examined for psychometric support. In the current study, we examine, for the first time, the validity of this alternative model. A confirmatory factor analysis showed poor model fit for this two-factor structure. Additional analyses offered support for the original four-factor model, as well as a hierarchical model for the scale. In line with previous findings, females scored higher on the IRI than males. Our findings indicate that the IRI, as it is currently used in the literature, does not accurately measure cognitive and affective empathy and highlight the advantages of using the original four-factor structure of the scale for empathy assessments.

scholarly journals Delay in Justice is an Indicator in the Promotion of Terrorism: A Case Study of Swat

2020 ◽  
Vol V (Winter 2020) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Hashmat Ali ◽  
Nazim Rahim ◽  
Aziz Ur Rehman Ur Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Judicial System ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Common People ◽  
The People ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Common ◽  
Short Span ◽  
First Time ◽  
Death Cases

The pre-merger judicial system of Swat was famous for speedy justice. Even death cases were solved in days. The people of Swat expected the same judicial system from Pakistan. Civil as well as criminal cases take long time for decision with no guarantee of fairness. Maulana Sufi Muhammad raised voice for Islamic Sharia for the first time in 1990. For the sake of Islam and speedy justice the common illiterate people of Swat supported the movement of Sufi Muhammad called TNSM. It was banned after accepting some of their demands. In 2004 another movement named TTP (Swat faction) appeared andgot control of most of the areas of Swatin a short span of time. The clerics of TTP preached their own version of Islam on FM channels and loud speakers. Imposition of Islamic laws and speedy justice were the main points of their agenda which inspired the common people of Swat and Malakand region.

scholarly journals Towards the optimal structure of judicial system: peer review of the book “The Dynamics of Judicial Transformations in Russia in the late XIX – early XXI centuries (historical and legal research)” by V. M. Bolshakova

2021 ◽  
pp. 108-116
Author(s):  
Viktor Ivanovich Isaev
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
International Court ◽  
Jury Trials ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

The subject of this research is the peer review of the monograph by Valentina Mikhailovna Bolshakova on the topic “Dynamics of Judicial Reforms in Russia in the late XIX – early XXI centuries (historical and legal research)” published in 2021. The author underlines the timeliness, relevance, structure and main findings of the monograph, and indicates that this work is an important stage in the development of theoretical-methodological grounds for the improvement of modern judicial system in the Russian Federation. The conducted analysis allows assessing the monograph by V. M. Bolshakova as a fundamental study of the domestic judicial system for over a century-long period. The book introduces a new scientific direction in the history of state and law – tracing the dynamics of transformations of government bodies in a particular country for an extensive historical period. This direction suggest comprehensive analysis of not only the overall dynamics of judicial transformations, but also their causes, problems of implementation, results, as well as examination of judicial legislation, principles of organization of the judicial system, its elements, evolution of separate institutions, and periodization. For the first time in scientific literature, in the context of tracing the dynamics of the Russian judicial transformations, analysis of is conducted on the international court of justice, jury trials, bailiffs, and appeals using the methodology of chrono-discrete mono-geographic comparative jurisprudence.

scholarly journals TRENDS AND PROSPECTS OF INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT OF ANTI-CORRUPTION POLICY

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (22(50)) ◽  
pp. 4-10
Author(s):  
Maryna Averkyna ◽  
Yevhenii Oktysiuk
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
National Agency ◽  
Organize Work ◽  
The Government ◽  
First Time

The article considers the preconditions of anti-corruption reform, the essence, economic results and the current situation. Recommendations are also given that should be followed to improve the situation. Prior to the start of the implementation of the anti-corruption reform, there was corruption, which in fact was not prosecuted in any way due to the fact that the judicial system of Ukraine itself was corrupt. The anti-corruption reform established several independent institutions to investigate and convict corruption offenses, including the National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine, the Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office, the Supreme Anti-Corruption Court, and the National Agency for the Prevention of Corruption. These institutions have been called upon to be new independent bodies that receive appeals of corruption violations, investigate cases, and pass sentences. Also, these bodies form and coordinate anti-corruption policy in Ukraine, organize work to prevent and detect corruption in local governments, enterprises, institutions and organizations. Since these institutions were just starting to work, the first few years the economic results were insignificant, but gradually the amount of compensation and terminated illegal contracts became solid. Despite the economic results of the anti-corruption reform, there is a significant outflow of foreign investment for the first time in five years. The main reason for this is distrust of the judiciary and the prevalence of corruption. Despite the economic benefits of fighting corruption, corruption is in fact covered by top government officials, rather than any support from anti-corruption institutions. The article gives some recommendations on how to act in this situation. In particular, it is called upon to support and strengthen Ukraine's anti-corruption infrastructure; pass real sentences on real corrupt officials so that society and investors are convinced that the government is resolutely fighting corruption; punish top corrupt officials, regardless of position, to stop corruption at the highest level, where it is just reaching its peak.

Patterns in Electronic Brainstorming

2011 ◽  
pp. 101-116
Author(s):  
Alan R. Dennis ◽  
Alain Pinsonneault ◽  
Kelly McNamara Hilmer ◽  
Henri Barki ◽  
Brent Galupe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Time Effect ◽  
Nominal Group ◽  
Social Loafing ◽  
Electronic Brainstorming ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Group Brainstorming ◽  
Electronic Groups ◽  
First Time

Research has shown that some groups using electronic brainstorming generate more unique ideas than groups using nominal group brainstorming, while others do not. This study examined two factors through which group size may affect brainstorming performance: synergy and social loafing. Groups brainstormed using three techniques to manipulate synergy and two group sizes to manipulate social loafing. We found no social loafing effects. We found a time effect: nominal brainstorming groups that received no synergy from the ideas of others produced more ideas than electronic groups in the first time period and fewer ideas in the last time period. We conclude that synergy from the ideas of others is only important when groups brainstorm for longer time period. We also conclude that electronic brainstorming groups should be given at least 30 minutes to work on tasks, or else they will be unlikely to develop synergy.

Introduction

2007 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
David Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Jewish People ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Hebrew Poetry ◽  
Knowledge Of God ◽  
Immortal Soul ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Spanish Hebrew poetry. The revival of Hebrew poetry was a direct consequence of two factors: the residence of the Jews in Muslim lands, and the Jews’ reappraisal of the Hebrew Bible. The Jews of Spain followed their Arabic masters in much of their poetic subject-matter, but they often transmuted it into specifically Jewish material. One encounters often their awareness of the passing of time, of the futility of life, and of the precious quality of the immortal soul. And, above all, one experiences with them their search for the knowledge of God, their sense of dependence on him as the Creator of the world, their consciousness of the relationship between God and the Jewish people, their desire to serve him with all their being, their remorse at their own iniquity, and their torment and their bewilderment at the sufferings of their people. The Spanish period not only saw the efflorescence for the first time since the ‘song of Songs’ of secular Hebrew poetry. It also provided for the first time the framework for the professional Jewish poet.

The Policy of Russifying in Late Imperial Russia and its Failure

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-101
Author(s):  
Boris N. Mironov
Keyword(s):  
Public Institutions ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Modern Nation State ◽  
Great Reforms

After the Great Reforms of the 1860s – 1870s the Russian government embarked on the construction of a modern nation-state and was faced with the need to unify all parts of the empire administratively, culturally, legally, and socially. The new ethno-confessional policy in Russian historiography is often called Russification because the order established after the Great Reforms in the Great Russian provinces served as a model for the transformation of all parts of the empire. The Russification policy included many aspects, including Russifying [obrusenie] - the introduction of the Russian language as obligatory in the record keeping of public institutions, in court and administration, in education and everyday life. While the policy of Russifying has found ample reflection in the historiography, its results have been insufficiently studied. The purpose of this article is to fill this gap and to try to assess the process of Russifying ethnic minorities at the imperial level, drawing upon the first general census of the Russian Empire in 1897. The analysis has led to the conclusion that the policy of Russifying did not provide the expected results.

scholarly journals “Don't Do as I Do”—The US Response to Russian and Chinese Cyber Espionage and Public International Law

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 613-626
Author(s):  
Patrick C. R. Terry
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Public International Law ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Cyber Espionage ◽  
First Time

The Russian government is accused of hacking emails circulating among senior members of Hilary Clinton's campaign team to support President Trump's election in 2016. This was not the first time the United States was the target of massive cyber espionage: The Chinese government is believed to have gained sensitive information on 22.1 million US government employees through “cyber intrusions” in 2014. This Article will examine whether cyber espionage of this kind is unlawful under public international law and will conclude that it is. Specifically, such espionage can result in a violation of territorial sovereignty and will likely violate the principle of non-intervention in the internal affairs of other States. Yet, based on the controversial “clean-hands-doctrine,” past US actions in the realms of cyber espionage and intervention may well invalidate any claims it asserts against Russia or China.

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