The Relationship Between City “Greenness” and Homicide in the US: Evidence Over a 30-Year Period

2021 ◽  
pp. 001391652110450
Author(s):  
Jonnell C. Sanciangco ◽  
Gregory D. Breetzke ◽  
Zihan Lin ◽  
Yuhao Wang ◽  
Kimberly A. Clevenger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Violent Crime ◽  
P Value ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
Violence Reduction ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
Longitudinal Effects ◽  
Curve Modeling ◽  
First Time ◽  
Us Cities

Residents in US cities are exposed to high levels of stress and violent crime. At the same time, a number of cities have put forward “greening” efforts which may promote nature’s calming effects and reduce stressful stimuli. Previous research has shown that greening may lower aggressive behaviors and violent crime. In this study we examined, for the first time, the longitudinal effects over a 30-year period of average city greenness on homicide rates across 290 major cities in the US, using multilevel linear growth curve modeling. Overall, homicide rates in US cities decreased over this time-period (52.1–33.5 per 100,000 population) while the average greenness increased slightly (0.41–0.43 NDVI). Change in average city greenness was negatively associated with homicide, controlling for a range of variables (β = −.30, p-value = .02). The results of this study suggest that efforts to increase urban greenness may have small but significant violence-reduction benefits.

Neurosurgical workforce trends in the United States

2005 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oren N. Gottfried ◽  
Richard L. Rovit ◽  
A. John Popp ◽  
Kristin L. Kraus ◽  
Arlene Stolper Simon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Mean ◽  
First Time ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Fine Print

Object. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the US neurosurgery workforce by reviewing journal recruitment advertisements published during the past 10 years. Methods. The number of available academic and private neurosurgical staff positions was determined based on recruitment advertisements in the Journal of Neurosurgery and Neurosurgery for the 10-year period from 1994 to 2003. Advertisements were evaluated for practice venue, subspecialization, and location. The numbers of active neurosurgeons and graduating residents also were reviewed. The number of advertised neurosurgical positions increased from 141.6 ± 38.2 per year from 1994 through 1998 to 282.4 ± 13.6 per year from 1999 through 2003 (mean ± standard deviation, p < 0.05). The mean number of academic positions increased from 50.6 ± 11.1 to 95 ± 17.5 (p <0.05), and the mean number of private positions rose from 91 ± 30.4 to 187.4 ± 6.8 (p <0.05). Subspecialty positions represented a mean of only 15.6 ± 5% per year during the first time period and 18.8 ± 3% per year in the second period (p = 0.22), and therefore the majority of positions advertised continued to be those for generalists. The number of practicing neurosurgeons declined after 1998, and by 2002 it was less than it had been in 1991. The numbers of incoming and matriculating residents during the study period were static. Conclusions. The number of recruitment advertisements for neurosurgeons during the last 5 years has increased significantly, concomitant with a severe decline in the number of active neurosurgeons and a static supply of residents.

scholarly journals Bubbles During Covid-19 Period: Evidence from the United States Using the Generalized Sub ADF Test

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Tsangyao Chang ◽  
Chen-Min Hsu ◽  
Mei-Chih Wang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
Price Indexes ◽  
Adf Test ◽  
First Time

Abstract This study applies the generalized sub ADF (GSADF) tests to investigate whether bubbles exist in the United States markets over the period of 2015-2019, focusing on the COVID-19 period. We use daily Dow-Jones stock price indexes for the first time during the time period of 2015/1/7-2020/3/17. Empirical results demonstrate the existence of bubbles in the US stock market during some sub-sample time periods. Especially important, we find the third bubble begins from 2020/2/26 and grows gradually, not bursting until recently, a situation that is ongoing in the US market. Our results have important policy implications for investors who attempt to invest in the US stock market

World Economy: Prospects and Barriers for Recovery

2012 ◽  
pp. 61-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ershov
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Western World ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Market Segments ◽  
Junk Bonds ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
Global Liquidity ◽  
Short Time

According to the latest forecasts, it will take 10 years for the world economy to get back to “decent shape”. Some more critical estimates suggest that the whole western world will have a “colossal mess” within the next 5–10 years. Regulators of some major countries significantly and over a short time‑period changed their forecasts for the worse which means that uncertainty in the outlook for the future persists. Indeed, the intensive anti‑crisis measures have reduced the severity of the past problems, however the problems themselves have not disappeared. Moreover, some of them have become more intense — the eurocrisis, excessive debts, global liquidity glut against the backdrop of its deficit in some of market segments. As was the case prior to the crisis, derivatives and high‑risk operations with “junk” bonds grow; budget problems — “fiscal cliff” in the US — and other problems worsen. All of the above forces the regulators to take unprecedented (in their scope and nature) steps. Will they be able to tackle the problems which emerge?

A Precarious Confluence: Neoliberalism, Race, and Water Insecurity

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Mascarenhas
Keyword(s):  
First Nations ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
First Century ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Water Insecurity ◽  
The Core ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Racial Projects ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Cities

Three very different field sites—First Nations communities in Canada, water charities in the Global South, and the US cities of Flint and Detroit, Michigan—point to the increasing precariousness of water access for historically marginalized groups, including Indigenous peoples, African Americans, and people of color around the globe. This multi-sited ethnography underscores a common theme: power and racism lie deep in the core of today’s global water crisis. These cases reveal the concrete mechanisms, strategies, and interconnections that are galvanized by the economic, political, and racial projects of neoliberalism. In this sense neoliberalism is not only downsizing democracy but also creating both the material and ideological forces for a new form of discrimination in the provision of drinking water around the globe. These cases suggest that contemporary notions of environmental and social justice will largely hinge on how we come to think about water in the twenty-first century.

Treatment of venous leg ulcers using bilayered living cellular construct

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (13) ◽  
pp. 907-918
Author(s):  
Aseel Bin Sawad ◽  
Fatema Turkistani
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare System ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Healthcare Resource Utilization ◽  
Psychological Status ◽  
Leg Ulcers ◽  
Venous Leg Ulcers ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
Economic Analyses

Background: Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) present a significant economic burden on the US healthcare system and payers (US$14.9 billion). Aim: To evaluate the quality of life (QoL) of patients with VLUs; to analyze the limitations of standard of care (SOC) for VLUs; and to explain how using bilayered living cellular construct (BLCC) with SOC for treatment of VLUs can help heal more VLUs faster (than using SOC alone) as well as help improve QoL and help reduce the burden on the US healthcare system and payers. Materials & methods: This is a review study. The search was conducted in February 2020 by way of electronic databases to find relevant articles that provided information related to QoL of patients with VLUs, limitations of SOC for VLUs and economic analyses of using BLCC for treatment of VLUs. Results: VLUs impact patients’ physical, functional and psychological status and reduce QoL. A total 75% of VLU patients who used SOC alone failed to achieve healing in a timely fashion, which led to increased healthcare costs and healthcare resource utilization. Although the upfront cost is high, the greater effectiveness of BLCC offsets the added cost of the product during the time period of the studies. Therefore, BLCC helps to improve the QoL of VLU patients. As an example, for every 100 VLU patients in a healthcare plan, the use of BLCC can create cost savings of US$1,349,829.51. Conclusion: Payers’ coverage of BLCC results in reduction of the overall medical cost for treating VLU patients.

A University Education

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Willetts
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
University Education ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

Universities have a crucial role in the modern world. In England, entrance to universities is by nation-wide competition which means English universities have an exceptional influence on schools--a striking theme of the book. This important book first investigates the university as an institution and then tracks the individual on their journey to and through university. In A University Education, David Willetts presents a compelling case for the ongoing importance of the university, both as one of the great institutions of modern society and as a transformational experience for the individual. The book also makes illuminating comparisons with higher education in other countries, especially the US and Germany. Drawing on his experience as UK Minister for Universities and Science from 2010 to 2014, the author offers a powerful account of the value of higher education and the case for more expansion. He covers controversial issues in which he was involved from access for disadvantaged students to the introduction of L9,000 fees. The final section addresses some of the big questions for the future, such as the the relationship between universities and business, especially in promoting innovation.. He argues that the two great contemporary trends of globalisation and technological innovation will both change the university significantly. This is an authoritative account of English universities setting them for the first time in their new legal and regulatory framework.

scholarly journals Variability of springtime transpacific pollution transport during 2000–2006: the INTEX-B mission in the context of previous years

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1345-1359 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Pfister ◽  
L. K. Emmons ◽  
D. P. Edwards ◽  
A. Arellano ◽  
T. Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transport Model ◽  
Pollution Transport ◽  
Chemistry Transport Model ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Annual Variability ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Us ◽  
Transport Experiment

Abstract. We analyze the transport of pollution across the Pacific during the NASA INTEX-B (Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment Part B) campaign in spring 2006 and examine how this year compares to the time period for 2000 through 2006. In addition to aircraft measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) collected during INTEX-B, we include in this study multi-year satellite retrievals of CO from the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument and simulations from the chemistry transport model MOZART-4. Model tracers are used to examine the contributions of different source regions and source types to pollution levels over the Pacific. Additional modeling studies are performed to separate the impacts of inter-annual variability in meteorology and dynamics from changes in source strength. Interannual variability in the tropospheric CO burden over the Pacific and the US as estimated from the MOPITT data range up to 7% and a somewhat smaller estimate (5%) is derived from the model. When keeping the emissions in the model constant between years, the year-to-year changes are reduced (2%), but show that in addition to changes in emissions, variable meteorological conditions also impact transpacific pollution transport. We estimate that about 1/3 of the variability in the tropospheric CO loading over the contiguous US is explained by changes in emissions and about 2/3 by changes in meteorology and transport. Biomass burning sources are found to be a larger driver for inter-annual variability in the CO loading compared to fossil and biofuel sources or photochemical CO production even though their absolute contributions are smaller. Source contribution analysis shows that the aircraft sampling during INTEX-B was fairly representative of the larger scale region, but with a slight bias towards higher influence from Asian contributions.

Temporal trends in utilization of transcatheter aortic valve implantation and patient characteristics – a nationwide cohort study

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E Strange ◽  
C Sindet-Pedersen ◽  
G Gislason ◽  
C Torp-Pedersen ◽  
E.L Fosboel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Valve ◽  
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
P Value ◽  
Transcatheter Aortic Valve ◽  
History Of ◽  
Aortic Valve Implantation ◽  
Valve Implantation ◽  
First Time

Abstract Introduction In recent years, there has been a surge in the utilization of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) for the treatment of severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. Randomized controlled trials have compared TAVI to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in patients at high-, intermediate-, and low perioperative risk. As TAVI continues to be utilized in patients with lower risk profiles, it is important to investigate the temporal trends in “real-world” patients undergoing TAVI. Purpose To investigate temporal trends in the utilization of TAVI and examine changes in patient characteristics of patients undergoing first-time TAVI. Methods Using complete Danish nationwide registries, we included all patients undergoing first-time TAVI between 2008 and 2017. To compare patient characteristics, the study population was stratified according to calendar year in the following groups: 2008–2009, 2010–2011, 2012–2013, 2014–2015, and 2016–2017. Results We identified 3,534 patients undergoing first-time TAVI. In 2008–2009, 180 patients underwent first-time TAVI compared with 1,417 patients in 2016–2017, resulting in a 687% increase in TAVI procedures performed. During the study period, the median age remained stable (2008–2009: Median age 82 year [25th–75th percentile: 78–85] vs. 2016–2017: Median age 81 years [25th–75th percentile: 76–85]; P-value: 0.06). The proportion of men undergoing first-time TAVI increased over the years (2008–2009: 49.4% vs 2016–2017: 54.9%; P-value for trend: &lt;0.05), also the proportion with diabetes increased (2008–2009: 12.2% vs. 2016–2017: 19.3%; P-value for trend: &lt;0.05). The proportion of patients with a history of stroke decreased over the years (2008–2009: 13.9% vs. 2016–2017: 12.1%; P-value for trend: &lt;0.05). The same trend was seen in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (2008–2009: 24.4% vs. 2016–2017: 11.9%; P-value for trend: &lt;0.05), ischaemic heart disease (2008–2009: 71.7% vs. 2016–2017: 29.4%; P-value for trend: &lt;0.05), and heart failure (2008–2009: 45.6% vs. 2016–2017: 29.4%; P-value for trend: &lt;0.05). Conclusions In this nationwide study, there was a marked increase in the utilization of TAVI in the years 2008–2017. Patients undergoing first-time TAVI had a decreasing comorbidity burden, while the age of the patients at first-time TAVI remained stable. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

scholarly journals The Value of Vaccination in Older Adults: The Why

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 806-807
Author(s):  
Philip Buck
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Time Horizon ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Health Behavior Change ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases remains high among older adults in the US, despite longstanding immunization recommendations, and is projected to increase as the population ages. The impact of US population aging on the burden of four vaccine-preventable diseases (influenza, pneumococcal disease, shingles, and pertussis) was modeled over a 30-year time horizon, with cumulative direct and indirect costs increasing from $378 billion over 10 years to $1.28 trillion over 30 years. Compared to current levels of vaccination coverage, increasing coverage was predicted to avert over 33 million cases of disease and greater than $96 billion in disease-associated costs, with a corresponding increase in vaccination costs of approximately $83 billion over the entire 30-year time period. Specific examples of cost-effectiveness analyses that assess the epidemiologic and economic impact of vaccination against shingles and pertussis in older adults will be discussed. Part of a symposium sponsored by the Health Behavior Change Interest Group.

scholarly journals Measuring Historical Urban Neighborhood Sustainability: America’s Grand Avenues

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1358
Author(s):  
Michael R. Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Kansas City ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Urban Neighborhood ◽  
Industrial Cities ◽  
The Us ◽  
Education Medical ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Us Cities

From 1850 through approximately 1920, wealthy entrepreneurs and elected officials created “grand avenues” lined by mansions in New York City, Chicago, Detroit, and other developing US cities. This paper examines the birthplaces of grand avenues to determine whether they have remained sustainable as magnets for healthy and wealthy people. Using data from the US EPA’s EJSCREEN system and the CDC’s 500 cities study across 11 cities, the research finds that almost every place where a grand avenue began has healthier and wealthier people than their host cities. Ward Parkway in Kansas City and New York’s Fifth Avenue have continued to be grand. Massachusetts Avenue in Washington, D.C., Richmond’s Monument Avenue, St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans, and Los Angeles’s Wilshire Boulevard are national and regional symbols of political power, culture and entertainment, leading to sustainable urban grand avenues, albeit several are challenged by their identification with white supremacy. Among Midwest industrial cities, Chicago’s Prairie Avenue birthplace has been the most successful, whereas the grand avenues of St. Louis, Cleveland, Detroit, and Buffalo have struggled, trying to use higher education, medical care, and entertainment to try to rebirth their once pre-eminent roles in their cities.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document