The Genesis, Political, and Economic Sides of the Internet

2008 ◽  
pp. 238-253
Author(s):  
Andrew Targowski
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Geographic Locations ◽  
Democratic Development ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Positive Results

The purpose of this chapter is to show that the Cold War is behind the invention of the Internet. This is one of a very few positive results of this war, which had tremendous influence on the further development of civilization. The research on the universality of info-communication processes was conducted on both sides of the Iron Curtain, which indicates the similarities in engineering thinking, regardless of the geographic locations. The political meaning of the Internet does not only result from its history but also stands for the support of democratic development and the obstruction of dictatorships. The history of the Internet is also an example of the development of great engineering talents and research and development centers, which rise to the occasion on such ambitious projects. All of these aspects of the Internet will be investigated in this paper, as well as its impact upon the emergence of the Global Civilization.

The Genesis, Political, and Economic Sides of the Internet

2011 ◽  
pp. 62-82
Author(s):  
Andrew Targowski
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Geographic Locations ◽  
Democratic Development ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Positive Results

The purpose of this chapter is to show that the Cold War is behind the invention of the Internet. This is one of a very few positive results of this war, which had tremendous influence on the further development of civilization. The research on the universality of info-communication processes was conducted on both sides of the Iron Curtain, which indicates the similarities in engineering thinking, regardless of the geographic locations. The political meaning of the Internet does not only result from its history but also stands for the support of democratic development and the obstruction of dictatorships. The history of the Internet is also an example of the development of great engineering talents and research and development centers, which rise to the occasion on such ambitious projects. All of these aspects of the Internet will be investigated in this paper, as well as its impact upon the emergence of the Global Civilization.

Prologue

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter D. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cultural Expression ◽  
Intangible Heritage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Print Literacy

The section introduces Part II, which spans the period 1946 to 2014, by tracing the history of the debates about culture within UNESCO from 1947 to 2009. It considers the central part print literacy played in the early decades, and the gradual emergence of what came to be called ‘intangible heritage’; the political divisions of the Cold War that had a bearing not just on questions of the state and its role as a guardian of culture but on the idea of cultural expression as a commodity; the slow shift away from an exclusively intellectualist definition of culture to a more broadly anthropological one; and the realpolitik surrounding the debates about cultural diversity since the 1990s. The section concludes by showing how at the turn of the new millennium UNESCO caught up with the radical ways in which Tagore and Joyce thought about linguistic and cultural diversity.

The Homeland Debate, Redux: The Political–Cultural Impact of the 1946–1949 Repatriation to Soviet Armenia

2020 ◽  
pp. 84-125
Author(s):  
Tsolin Nalbantian
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cultural Impact ◽  
National Belonging ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Armenian Identity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Heating Up

Chapter 2 deals with the 1946-1949 Soviet repatriation drive to collect all worldwide Armenians and “return” them to the ASSR and, specifically, the Lebanese Armenian political-cultural understandings of it. I explore how that initiative formed a chapter of Lebanese (and other Middle Eastern) Armenians’ renegotiation of national belonging in early post-colonial times. And although about a third of all Armenian repatriates travelled via Beirut, I also look at those who remained in Lebanon and in other countries in the Middle East. The emerging Cold War was more than a backdrop to this story. Heating up, the Cold War – and the very divergent readings of, and responses to, the repatriation initiative among Lebanese Armenians – reinforced tensions between Armenian rightists and leftists. Armenians’ response to repatriation did not simply reflect their extant political-cultural positions. Rather, repatriation sharpened those positions. Responses to repatriation echoed issues on the changing Lebanese/Syrian/Armenian identity complex at the dawn of the post-colonial nation-state. The responses to repatriation included a retelling and a reconstitution of the history of the tragedy of the genocide. They also automatically triggered questions about the location and nature of the Armenian homeland, adding fuel to the division between Dashnaks and Armenian leftists.

Latin America between the Second World War and the Cold War: Some Reflections on the 1945–8 Conjuncture

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Bethell ◽  
Ian Roxborough
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Cold War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The Political ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Second World

The importance of the years of political and social upheaval immediately following the end of the Second World War and coinciding with the beginnings of the Cold War, that is to say, the period from 1944 or 1945 to 1948 or 1949, for the history of Europe (East and West), the Near and Middle East, Asia (Japan, China, South and East Asia), even Africa (certainly South Africa) in the second half of the twentieth century has long been generally recognised. In recent years historians of the United States, which had not, of course, been a theatre of war and which alone among the major belligerents emerged from the Second World War stronger and more prosperous, have begun to focus attention on the political, social and ideological conflict there in the postwar period – and the long term significance for the United States of the basis on which it was resolved. In contrast, except for Argentina, where Perón's rise to power has always attracted the interest of historians, the immediate postwar years in Latin America, which had been relatively untouched by, and had played a relatively minor role in, the Second World War, remain to a large extent neglected. It is our view that these years constituted a critical conjuncture in the political and social history of Latin America just as they did for much of the rest of the world. In a forthcoming collection of case studies, which we are currently editing, the main features of the immediate postwar period in Latin America, and especially the role played by labour and the Left, will be explored in some detail, country by country.1In this article, somewhat speculative and intentionally polemical, we present the broad outlines of our thesis.

scholarly journals Organização em rede, capital e a regulação mercantil do elo social | Network organization, capital and the mercantile regulation of social ties

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
César Ricardo Siqueira Bolaño
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Network Society ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Critical Perspective ◽  
Social Mediation ◽  
Organization Capital ◽  
History Of

RESUMO Este texto faz parte de um projeto amplo de esclarecimento da problemática da mediação social, no sentido da crítica da epistemologia da comunicação, com base numa leitura sistemática da obra de Marx. No que segue, pretendo sugerir apenas, retomando alguns trechos esclarecedores dos Grundrisse, um caminho para a crítica da economia política da internet, que se desdobra, como ficará explicitado, na crítica da ideia de "sociedade em rede". No fundo, trata-se de problematizar as possibilidades de regulação da internet, tendo em vista o significado último do seu surgimento neste particular momento de desenvolvimento do capitalismo.Palavras-chave: Comunicação; Internet; Capitalismo; Epistemologia; Economia Política.ABSTRACT This paper is part of a far-reaching project that aims to clarify the issue of social mediation, from a critical perspective on the epistemology of communication, based on a systematic reading of Marx's work. Here I intend only to indicate a pathway to a critique of the political economy of the Internet, based on a few clarifying excerpts from the Grundrisse, which includes a critique on the idea of "network society". It is, essentially, a discussion on the issue of regulating the Internet, considering the significance of its emergence at this particular moment of the history of capitalism.Keywords: Communication; Internet; Capitalism; Epistemology; Political Economy.

scholarly journals Multiple Sources of Protest Movements in Latin America

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-109
Author(s):  
E. Kosevich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Protest Movements ◽  
The World ◽  
Neoliberal Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Further Development

Social outbreaks which have been characteristic of the political landscape of Latin America throughout the course of history of this region , reached their peak in the late 90s of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. It can be argued without exaggeration that a special culture of mass protests has already formed in this part of the world. It functions as an independent “pressure mechanism” aimed at expanding rights and reducing historical injustice. In the fall of 2019 Latin America became the epicenter of social protests. Residents of the highest income inequality region of the world ceased restraining their discontent. It turned out to be impossible for the state authorities to react to such indignation by the usual repressive methods, thus they were forced to listen to society demands. In just a few months, Haiti, Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia were caught in a massive political crisis which was marked by massive street demonstrations. Gradually, a wave of public discontent swept over countries such as Colombia and Argentina. Although the root causes of these events in each country were different, several general trends stand out in all the chaos that is happening in Latin America. These trends can be traced in all foci of instability that broke out almost simultaneously in several countries of the region. This paper attempts to analyze the main factors that led to such widespread unrest. The goal of this analysis is to reveal the unresolved problems of the region. The author identifies the main reasons that together caused social explosions, and presents them in the form of a hierarchical pyramid: from the underlying economic instability, the crisis of the neoliberal development model, social inequality; the weakening of the political system and corruption, that are situated in the middle; until the very top of the pyramid – the “democracy deficit” and the influence of social networks. In this context, I divided the article into 4 thematic blocks, which will allow a systematic review of the most important causes that set a chain reaction in motion of protest activities, as well as an assessment of the further development of the socio-political situation in Latin America. A combination of regional and country approaches were applied in this paper to the phenomenon under study.

scholarly journals Media education in the French Community of Belgium

Comunicar ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (28) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Michel Clarembeaux
Keyword(s):  
Reality Television ◽  
Media Education ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Educational Challenges ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Press ◽  
History Of ◽  
Media Society ◽  
Political Media

This paper gives a brief account of the history of media education in the French Community of Belgium using as a starting point the political, media and educational contexts. Afterwards, it explains media education in the Internet and media society and the integration of the press in the field of learning. Finally, the paper describes the educational challenges of reality-television, cinema and advertising. Partiendo del contexto político, escolar y mediático de la educación en los medios en la comunidad francesa de Bélgica, este texto hace un breve recorrido de la situación del país tanto anterior a 1995, como del organigrama que surge a partir de 1995 con la creación de un Consejo y tres Centros de Recursos. Posteriormente se conceptualiza la educación en los medios en el marco de la sociedad Internet y multimedia y la integración de la prensa escrita en la enseñanza. Se describe también la tele-realidad y sus retos pedagógicos, así como la educación en el cine y la educación crítica de la publicidad.

scholarly journals International Photography Networks and Walter Hahn’s Museum for Photography, Dresden

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-168
Author(s):  
Sarah Goodrum
Keyword(s):  
International Community ◽  
History Of Photography ◽  
Photographic Images ◽  
Museum Professionals ◽  
History Of ◽  
East German ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The City ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Photographic Culture

The Museum für Photographie, founded, developed and directed by Dr. Walter Hahn for only twelve years in the city of Dresden, has only recently emerged in scholarship on East German photographic culture. Although the museum definitely enjoyed a relationship with the East German cultural authorities within the Cultural League, or Kulturbund, it does not sit easily in the historiographical category of ‘official’ photography in the GDR. Hahn’s version of the history of photography was challenging to the socialist establishment, which hampered the further development of the museum and did not preserve the project after Hahn’s death. Hahn’s ambitions to expand his museum and gain membership in an international community of collectors and museum professionals drove him to contact a tremendous number of figures throughout the world and led to many fruitful exchanges on questions of the history of photography and the state of collections internationally. This article will address the degree to which Hahn’s networking through publications and correspondence and attempts at cultural diplomacy tied him more closely to the international community of photography collectors and photography museums – particularly in the West – than his Cultural League colleagues could ultimately sanction. It argues that Hahn and his museum represent a historical and historiographical anomaly that complicates the accepted narratives of East Germany history. Hahn’s interactions within the international museum community represent a significant instance of the international circuit of photographic images and literature during the Cold War.

The Modern Society: Information or Communication?

10.12737/7157 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 4-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oskar Goykhman
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Internet Communication ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Joint Activity ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
History Of

The article is devoted to the analysis of the processes taking place in our modern society. Opinion of a number of investigators about the role played by information in the society is that information is the essence of our modern society. It is from this point of view that revolutionary changes passed by mankind during all history of the development are presented. The concept of understanding the modern society as information one is thought of critically. The hypotesis about communication society as a form of joint activity of people is put forward. Information is perceived as a means to accelerate society progress rather than the society itself. The question “how often revolutionary processes in society happen” is considered from the standpoint of communication science. It is argued that the fifth communicative revolution which gave rise to communication society is taking place now. Stages of progress of this society are closely connected with the Internet-communication processes. The reasons for people’s turning to the Internet and both positive and negative consequences of this phenomenon are studied.

scholarly journals Notes towards an anthropology of the internet

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 15-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Hart
Keyword(s):  
World History ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Digital Revolution ◽  
The Third ◽  
Human Creativity ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Universe

What might an anthropology of the internet look like? It require a combination of introspection, personal judgment and world history to explore the universe of cyberspace. This world is not sufficient to itself, nor is it 'the world'. People bring their offline circumstances to behaviour online. The virtual and the real constitute a dialectic in which neither can be reduced to the other and 'virtual reality' is their temporary synthesis. Heidegger's metaphysics are drawn on to illuminate this dialectic. Before this, the internet is examines in the light of the history of communications, from speech and writing to books and the radio. The digital revolution of our time is marked by the convergence of telephones, television and computing. It is the third stage in a machine revolution lasting just 200 years. The paper analyses the political economy of the internet in terms of the original three classes controlling respectively increase in the environment (land), money (capital) and human creativity (labour). It ends with a consideration of Kant's great example for a future anthropology capable of placing human subjectivity in world history.

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