Handoff Cost Minimization and Planning of Heterogeneous Integrated Overlay Networks

2012 ◽  
pp. 49-64
Author(s):  
Ayan Paul ◽  
Madhubanti Maitra ◽  
Swarup Mandal ◽  
Samir Kumar Sadhukhan
Keyword(s):  
Overlay Networks ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Overlay Network ◽  
Vertical Handoff ◽  
Planning Problem ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
Planning Approach ◽  
Technology Market ◽  
The Cost

The wireless technology market has witnessed a complete paradigm shift as multiple standards and protocols are emerging almost every day. Each and every standard has its limitations and merits, which can be either masked or complemented by some other standards. The demands from the service providers are now sky-high and for the complete commercialization, it is expected that even with scarce network resources all kind of services would be provided, especially in a cost effective manner. This burning issue compels a service provider to roll out some integrated wireless networks to exploit the virtues of each. This chapter formulates the planning problem of an overlay network integrating particularly, 3G, WiMAX, and WLAN. The issue of planning is to establish proper connectivity amongst the three network standards which is unique in its nature. In the proposed planning approach, the authors have endeavored to minimize total cost for vertical handoff generated in the overlay network as well as the cost for wire line connection amongst the various network gateways of the overlay hierarchy. In this work, the authors have focused on the initial planning phase. For validating the novel planning problem, the chapter has taken recourse to simulated annealing (SA) and a well cited meta-heuristic H-II. The authors have also presented comparison of the performances of SA and H-II with a variant of distance based planning (DBP) scheme in this domain.

Handoff Cost Minimization and Planning of Next Generation Heterogeneous Integrated Overlay Networks

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Ayan Paul ◽  
Madhubanti Maitra ◽  
Swarup Mandal ◽  
Samir K. Sadhukhan
Keyword(s):  
Overlay Networks ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Vertical Handoff ◽  
Planning Problem ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Planning Approach ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Roll Out

Next-generation wireless technologies have seen a paradigm shift as multiple standards and protocols emerge almost every day. Each standard has its limitations and merits, which can be either masked or complemented by other standards. For commercialization, various services should be provided in a cost effective manner, compelling a service provider to roll out integrated next generation wireless networks to exploit the virtues of each. This paper discusses the planning problem of overlay network integrating, particularly 3G, WiMAX and WLAN, establishing proper connectivity among the three networks. In the proposed planning approach, the authors focused on the initial phase and have minimized the cost for vertical handoff generated, and the cost for wire line connection amongst the various network gateways of the overlay hierarchy. To validate the planning problem, the simulated annealing (SA), a well-cited meta-heuristic H-II are presented and compared with a variant of distance based planning (DBP).

scholarly journals Costs and efficacy ofolanzapine and risperidone in schizophrenia

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Vittorio Mapelli
Keyword(s):  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Psychiatric Disease ◽  
Global Functioning ◽  
Differential Effectiveness ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Italian National Health Service ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Effectiveness Studies

Introduction: schizophrenia is a serious and long lasting psychiatric disease. The new “atypical” antipsychotic drugs, introduced in the 90s, have substantially improved the effectiveness of medical treatments, compared to previous neuroleptic drugs. Nowadays they tend to be used as first choice drugs. The ddd cost of atypicals may differ by 20% and health authorities may have an incentive to deliver the less costly drug, especially if they are generic. However the various drugs show differential effectiveness rates and a rational choice should consider both cost and effectiveness.
Objective: the purpose of this analysis is to review the existing evidence on cost-effectiveness studies of olanzapine and risperidone, the two most prescribed drugs in Italy. Six published studies were identified, but attention was focused on two articles that reported consistent and methodologically sound results.
Results: most reviewed studies are cost-minimization analyses, since effectiveness indicators show no significant statistical difference between the two drugs, and are inconclusive since the results depend on the evaluation setting. However one observational retrospective study showed a significant severity reduction over 12 months for patients treated with olanzapine (-2.46 on HoNOS scale; p<0.05), compared to a smaller non significant reduction of the risperidone group (-0.57). Despite the higher drug cost, the average total cost per reduced severity score was lower for olanzapine than for risperidone patients (€ 4,554 vs. € 10,897). The only medical and related health care costs for risperidone patients were higher than total costs for olanzapine patients. Another study comparing cohorts of patients with similar starting severity showed a significant severity reduction and global functioning increase over 12 months for olanzapine but no significant increase for risperidone patients (-0.35, p<0.01 on CGI scale; +3.66, p <0.05 on GAF scale, compared respectively to -0.27, p<0.05 and +2.00 n.s.). Again average cost per reduced severity/increased functioning score was higher for risperidone than olanzapine patients (€ 4,568 vs. € 4,170 for CGI and € 2,284 vs. € 1,139 for GAF scales respectively).
Conclusion: the use of olanzapine in the treatment of schizophrenia is the most cost-effective alternative for the SSN (Italian National health service), as it minimizes the cost per score of severity reduction or functioning increase. Even if the price of risperidone were to be reduced by 50% (becoming a generic), total 12 months treatment costs would exceed those of olanzapine in its highest ddd (30 mg).


Cost-effectiveness of primary prophylaxis (PP) with colony-simulating factor (CSF) when compared with secondary prophylaxis (SP) in elderly patients with diffuse aggressive lymphoma undergoing curative chemotherapy

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6558-6558
Author(s):  
K. K. Chan ◽  
K. R. Imrie ◽  
S. M. Alibhai
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Primary Prophylaxis ◽  
Cost Utility ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Aggressive Lymphoma ◽  
Base Case ◽  
The Cost

6558 Background: The 2006 ASCO guideline recommends PP with CSF for elderly patients with diffuse aggressive lymphoma, partially based on previous cost-minimization analyses showing that CSF saved costs when compared with no CSF by reducing hospitalization from febrile neutropenia (FN) when the risk of FN was > 20%. However, these studies examined only one cycle of chemotherapy and did not account for costs of CSF in subsequent cycles, did not consider SP, and did not consider patients’ preferences. Methods: We conducted a cost-utility analysis to compare PP with SP in this setting using a Markov model for a time horizon of 8 cycles of chemotherapy with a government payer perspective. Costs were adjusted to 2006 $CAD. Ontario health economic data were used. The cost of hospitalization for FN was obtained from Ontario Case Costing Initiative. Data for efficacies of CSF, probabilities and utilities were obtained from published literature. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using a threshold of $100,000/QALY. Results: The base case costs for PP and SP were $22,077 and $17,641. The QALYs of PP and SP were 0.254 and 0.248. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio of PP to SP was $739,999/QALY. One-way sensitivity analyses showed that in order for PP to be cost-effective, the cost of hospitalization per episode of FN had to be > $31,138 (i.e. 2.5 times > base case), the cost of CSF per cycle had to be < $896 (base case = $1,960), the risk of FN in the 1st cycle had to be > 48% (base case = 24%), or the relative risk reduction of FN with CSF had to be > 97% (base case = 41%). Our result was robust to all other cost, probability and utility variables. First order microsimulation showed that < 17% of simulations were cost-effective. Conclusions: PP is not cost-effective when compared with SP for this population under most assumptions. PP only becomes attractive in places where the cost of hospitalization for FN is much more than that of Ontario, or the cost of CSF is under $896 per cycle. The costs of CSF and hospitalization in all cycles (instead of just one cycle) should be accounted for in any economic evaluation of CSF. Current guidelines recommending PP in this population should be revisited. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals Outlook of Pharmacoeconomics and its status in Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-58
Author(s):  
Sabita Paudel
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Utility ◽  
Nonmedical Cost ◽  
Effective Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Effective Analysis

Pharmacoeconomics is a branch of health economics which is derived from latin word “Pharmacon”- and “Economia”- It deals with the economic aspect of health that is the costs of health services. There are different types of costs which is affecting the health services. There is not only the direct medical cost, but also direct nonmedical cost, indirect nonmedical costs and intangible cost. The consequences of therapy are evaluated from economic, clinical and humanistic perspective, also known as the ECHO model. There are partial and full pharmacoeconomic analyses. The partial analyses are cost of illness and cost of consequence. The full analyses are cost effective, cost benefit, cost utility and cost minimization analyses. The cost effective analysis is the most commonly used analysis.

scholarly journals Software Defined Networking – Shaping up for the next disruptive step?

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doan Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Software Defined Networking ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Disruptive Technology ◽  
Control Plane ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
Control Data ◽  
Data Plane ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Shared Infrastructure

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has emerged as a networking paradigm that can remove the limitations of current network infrastructures by separating the control plane from the data forwarding plane. As an immediate result, networks can be managed cost effectively and autonomously through centralising the decision-making capability at the control plane and the programmability of network devices on the data plane. This allows the two planes to evolve independently and open up separate horizontal markets on simplified network devices and programmable controllers.  More importantly, it opens up markets for infrastructure providers to provision and offer network resources on-demand to multiple tenants and for service providers to develop and deploy their services on shared infrastructure resources cost-effectively. This paper provides an essential understanding of the SDN concept and architecture. It discusses the important implications of the control/data plane separation on network devices, management and applications beyond the scope of the original SDN. It also discusses two major issues that may help to bring the disruptive technology forward: the intent northbound interface and the cost-effective SDN approaches for the industry.

scholarly journals Strategies to Produce Cost-Effective Third-Generation Biofuel From Microalgae

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazifa Rafa ◽  
Shams Forruque Ahmed ◽  
Irfan Anjum Badruddin ◽  
M. Mofijur ◽  
Sarfaraz Kamangar
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Generation Biofuel

Third-generation biofuel produced from microalgae is a viable solution to global energy insecurity and climate change. Despite an annual current global algal biomass production of 38 million litres, commercialization confronts significant economic challenges. However, cost minimization strategies, particularly for microalgae cultivation, have largely been excluded from recent studies. Therefore, this review provides essential insights into the technologies and economics of cost minimization strategies for large-scale applications. Cultivation of microalgae through aquafarming, in wastewater, or for biogas upgrading, and co-production of value-added products (VAPs) such as photo-bioreactors, protein, astaxanthin, and exopolysaccharides can drastically reduce biodiesel production costs. For instance, the co-production of photo-bioreactors and astaxanthin can reduce the cost of biodiesel production from $3.90 to $0.54 per litre. Though many technical challenges need to be addressed, the economic analysis reveals that incorporating such cost-effective strategies can make the biorefinery concept feasible and profitable. The cost of producing microalgal biodiesel can be lowered to $0.73kg−1 dry weight when cultivated in wastewater or $0.54L−1 when co-produced with VAPs. Most importantly, access to co-product markets with higher VAPs needs to be encouraged as the global market for microalgae-based VAPs is estimated to rise to $53.43 billion in 2026. Therefore, policies that incentivize research and development, as well as the production and consumption of microalgae-based biodiesel, are important to reduce the large gap in production cost that persists between biodiesel and petroleum diesel.

scholarly journals Software Defined Networking – Shaping up for the next disruptive step?

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doan Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Software Defined Networking ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Disruptive Technology ◽  
Control Plane ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
Control Data ◽  
Data Plane ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Shared Infrastructure

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has emerged as a networking paradigm that can remove the limitations of current network infrastructures by separating the control plane from the data forwarding plane. As an immediate result, networks can be managed cost effectively and autonomously through centralising the decision-making capability at the control plane and the programmability of network devices on the data plane. This allows the two planes to evolve independently and open up separate horizontal markets on simplified network devices and programmable controllers.  More importantly, it opens up markets for infrastructure providers to provision and offer network resources on-demand to multiple tenants and for service providers to develop and deploy their services on shared infrastructure resources cost-effectively. This paper provides an essential understanding of the SDN concept and architecture. It discusses the important implications of the control/data plane separation on network devices, management and applications beyond the scope of the original SDN. It also discusses two major issues that may help to bring the disruptive technology forward: the intent northbound interface and the cost-effective SDN approaches for the industry.

scholarly journals Cost-Effective Placement of Recharging Stations in Drone Path Planning for Surveillance Missions on Large Farms

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1661
Author(s):  
Jean Louis Ebongue Kedieng Fendji ◽  
Israel Kolaigue Bayaola ◽  
Christopher Thron ◽  
Marie Danielle Fendji ◽  
Anna Förster
Keyword(s):  
Simulated Annealing ◽  
Path Planning ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Planning Problem ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Energy Limitation ◽  
Large Farm ◽  
Feasible Solutions ◽  
The Cost

The energy limitation remains one of the biggest constraints in drone path planning, since it prevents drones from performing long surveillance missions. To assist drones in such missions, recharging stations have recently been introduced. They are platforms where the drone can autonomously land to recharge its battery before continuing the mission. However, the cost of those platforms remains a significant obstacle to their adoption. Consequently, it is important to reduce their number while planning the path of the drone. This work introduces the Single Drone Multiple Recharging Stations on Large Farm problem (SD-MRS-LF). A large farm is considered as an area of interest to cover with a set of candidate locations where recharging stations can be installed. The aim is to determine the path of the drone that minimizes the number of locations for recharging stations as well as the completion time of the surveillance mission. This path planning problem falls within the realm of computational geometry and is related to similar problems that are encountered in the field of robotics. The problem is complicated due to environmental constraints on farms such as wind speed and direction, which produce asymmetries in the optimal solution. A back-and-forth-k-opt simulated annealing (BFKSA) approach is proposed to solve the defined problem. The new approach is compared to the basic back-and-forth (BF) and a K-opt variant of the well-known simulated annealing (KSA) approach over a set of 20 random topologies in different environmental conditions. The results from computational experiments show that the BFKSA approach outperforms the others, in terms of providing feasible solutions and minimizing the number of recharges.

scholarly journals A cost-minimization analysis of a preventive testing strategy for relatives of patients with BRCA mutated ovarian cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Eugenio Di Brino ◽  
Matteo Ruggeri ◽  
Stefania Boccia ◽  
Nicoletta Cerana ◽  
Domenica Lorusso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Brca2 Mutation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Testing Strategy ◽  
Brca Testing ◽  
Italian National Health Service ◽  
Brca1 Brca2 ◽  
The Cost

Purpose: This study aims to estimate the cost-minimization strategy of a preventive testing strategy destined to relatives of patients with BRCA mutated cancer versus a no test strategy in Italia. Methods: A BRCA testing pathway was designed by a panel of experts based on the MSTM Excel (2010) tool; the analysis was carried out considering the perspective of the Italian National Health Service. Two alternatives were considered: 1) preventive BRCA testing for relatives of patients affected by ovarian cancer carrying a BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation; 2) no test. Cost and effectiveness data, derived from literature and published sources validated by a Board of experts, were discounted using a discount factor equal to 3%. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed. Results: Considering an average cost of therapy for breast and ovarian cancer major of €90,000.00 per case, the economic impact related to the preventive testing strategy are equal to –€17,814,767.25. The sensitivity analysis confirms these results in the totality of the simulations performed. Conclusions: Preventive genetic testing in relatives of patients affected by ovarian cancer is cost-effective and represents a sustainable cost for the National Healthcare System in Italia, also in the light of its reference values.

Thermoeconomic Optimization of Cascade Refrigeration System Using Refrigerant Pair R404A-R508B

2011 ◽  
Vol 110-116 ◽  
pp. 677-684
Author(s):  
A.D. Parekh ◽  
P.R. Tailor ◽  
Nirav Sutaria
Keyword(s):  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Refrigeration System ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Investment Cost ◽  
Total Investment ◽  
Cascade Refrigeration System ◽  
Cascade Refrigeration ◽  
The Cost

In present work, an exergy based thermoeconomic optimization is applied to an actual cascade refrigeration system. The advantage of using exergy method of thermoeconomic optimization is that various elements of the system i.e. condenser, evaporator, compressor and cascade condenser can be optimized separately. A simplified cost minimization methodology based on thermoeconomic concept is applied to calculate the economic costs of all internal flows and products of the system by formulating thermoeconomic cost balance. Once these costs are determined, the system is thermoeconomically evaluated to identify the effects of the design variables on cost of the flows and products. This enables to suggest changes of the design variables that would make the overall system cost effective. Finally, an approximate optimum design configuration is obtained. The result shows that the increase in Coefficient of Performance and exergetic efficiency of the system by 13.76% and 16.20% respectively. The cost of the product and total investment cost are decreased by 19.71% and 19.18% respectively. This shows significant improvement in system performance as well as reduction in the cost of product and total investment cost. The reduction in cost and improvement in performance suggest the commercial acceptability of the cascade refrigeration system in a best efficient way.

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