Handoff Cost Minimization and Planning of Next Generation Heterogeneous Integrated Overlay Networks

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Ayan Paul ◽  
Madhubanti Maitra ◽  
Swarup Mandal ◽  
Samir K. Sadhukhan
Keyword(s):  
Overlay Networks ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Vertical Handoff ◽  
Planning Problem ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Planning Approach ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Roll Out

Next-generation wireless technologies have seen a paradigm shift as multiple standards and protocols emerge almost every day. Each standard has its limitations and merits, which can be either masked or complemented by other standards. For commercialization, various services should be provided in a cost effective manner, compelling a service provider to roll out integrated next generation wireless networks to exploit the virtues of each. This paper discusses the planning problem of overlay network integrating, particularly 3G, WiMAX and WLAN, establishing proper connectivity among the three networks. In the proposed planning approach, the authors focused on the initial phase and have minimized the cost for vertical handoff generated, and the cost for wire line connection amongst the various network gateways of the overlay hierarchy. To validate the planning problem, the simulated annealing (SA), a well-cited meta-heuristic H-II are presented and compared with a variant of distance based planning (DBP).

Handoff Cost Minimization and Planning of Heterogeneous Integrated Overlay Networks

2012 ◽  
pp. 49-64
Author(s):  
Ayan Paul ◽  
Madhubanti Maitra ◽  
Swarup Mandal ◽  
Samir Kumar Sadhukhan
Keyword(s):  
Overlay Networks ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Overlay Network ◽  
Vertical Handoff ◽  
Planning Problem ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
Planning Approach ◽  
Technology Market ◽  
The Cost

The wireless technology market has witnessed a complete paradigm shift as multiple standards and protocols are emerging almost every day. Each and every standard has its limitations and merits, which can be either masked or complemented by some other standards. The demands from the service providers are now sky-high and for the complete commercialization, it is expected that even with scarce network resources all kind of services would be provided, especially in a cost effective manner. This burning issue compels a service provider to roll out some integrated wireless networks to exploit the virtues of each. This chapter formulates the planning problem of an overlay network integrating particularly, 3G, WiMAX, and WLAN. The issue of planning is to establish proper connectivity amongst the three network standards which is unique in its nature. In the proposed planning approach, the authors have endeavored to minimize total cost for vertical handoff generated in the overlay network as well as the cost for wire line connection amongst the various network gateways of the overlay hierarchy. In this work, the authors have focused on the initial planning phase. For validating the novel planning problem, the chapter has taken recourse to simulated annealing (SA) and a well cited meta-heuristic H-II. The authors have also presented comparison of the performances of SA and H-II with a variant of distance based planning (DBP) scheme in this domain.

scholarly journals Costs and efficacy ofolanzapine and risperidone in schizophrenia

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Vittorio Mapelli
Keyword(s):  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Psychiatric Disease ◽  
Global Functioning ◽  
Differential Effectiveness ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Italian National Health Service ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Effectiveness Studies

Introduction: schizophrenia is a serious and long lasting psychiatric disease. The new “atypical” antipsychotic drugs, introduced in the 90s, have substantially improved the effectiveness of medical treatments, compared to previous neuroleptic drugs. Nowadays they tend to be used as first choice drugs. The ddd cost of atypicals may differ by 20% and health authorities may have an incentive to deliver the less costly drug, especially if they are generic. However the various drugs show differential effectiveness rates and a rational choice should consider both cost and effectiveness.
Objective: the purpose of this analysis is to review the existing evidence on cost-effectiveness studies of olanzapine and risperidone, the two most prescribed drugs in Italy. Six published studies were identified, but attention was focused on two articles that reported consistent and methodologically sound results.
Results: most reviewed studies are cost-minimization analyses, since effectiveness indicators show no significant statistical difference between the two drugs, and are inconclusive since the results depend on the evaluation setting. However one observational retrospective study showed a significant severity reduction over 12 months for patients treated with olanzapine (-2.46 on HoNOS scale; p<0.05), compared to a smaller non significant reduction of the risperidone group (-0.57). Despite the higher drug cost, the average total cost per reduced severity score was lower for olanzapine than for risperidone patients (€ 4,554 vs. € 10,897). The only medical and related health care costs for risperidone patients were higher than total costs for olanzapine patients. Another study comparing cohorts of patients with similar starting severity showed a significant severity reduction and global functioning increase over 12 months for olanzapine but no significant increase for risperidone patients (-0.35, p<0.01 on CGI scale; +3.66, p <0.05 on GAF scale, compared respectively to -0.27, p<0.05 and +2.00 n.s.). Again average cost per reduced severity/increased functioning score was higher for risperidone than olanzapine patients (€ 4,568 vs. € 4,170 for CGI and € 2,284 vs. € 1,139 for GAF scales respectively).
Conclusion: the use of olanzapine in the treatment of schizophrenia is the most cost-effective alternative for the SSN (Italian National health service), as it minimizes the cost per score of severity reduction or functioning increase. Even if the price of risperidone were to be reduced by 50% (becoming a generic), total 12 months treatment costs would exceed those of olanzapine in its highest ddd (30 mg).


scholarly journals Malaysia Private Entity Reporting Standard (MPERS) adoption for SMEs: Insights from Accounting Practitioners in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Nurul Nazlia Jamil ◽  
Nathasa Mazna Ramli ◽  
Ainulashikin Marzuki ◽  
Nurul Nadiah Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Reporting Standard ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Accounting Practitioners ◽  
Inherent Problem ◽  
Private Entity ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Cost

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have very significant contribution to economic growth of the countries as more than 95% of companies worldwide and employment are represented by the SMEs industries. Therefore, in increasing the harmonization of reporting standard of SMEs, Malaysia is moving aggressively towards the efforts by introducing the Malaysian Private Entity Reporting Standard (MPERS) for SMEs starting from 1st January 2016 onwards. MPERS is seen to bring opportunities to the business as it is adoption of international standard that has been designed to fits the local needs and the customization to the Malaysian business environment could ensure comparability of the locals with the international business. Hence, this research attempt to 1) examine the perceptions of accounting practitioners on MPERS implementation and 2) identify the problems encountered in applying MPERS in SMEs. This study provides pioneering evidence on the problems of the practitioners encountered when applying the MPERS through the 176 questionnaires survey that have been distributed to the accounting practitioners that involve with MPERS implementation for SMEs in Malaysia. The insights and perceptions obtained highlighting new dimensions to the inherent problem such as issues of consistency and guidance in applying the MPERS with the cost-effective manner. Thus, the issues of differences in judgements among the practitioners become a phenomenon in relation to the application of MPERS for SMEs. The findings of this study are of interest to standard setters and SMEs stakeholders in Malaysia and other countries.

scholarly journals Replacement and Maintenance Decision Analysis for Hydraulic Machinery Facilities at Reservoirs under Imperfect Maintenance

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2507
Author(s):  
Sou-Sen Leu ◽  
Tao-Ming Ying
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Imperfect Maintenance ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Engineering Economics ◽  
Hydraulic Machinery ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Replacement Time

After the long-term operation of reservoir facilities, they will become nonoperational due to the material deterioration and the performance degradation. One of crucial decisions is to determine the maintenance or replacement of the facilities in a cost-effective manner. Conventional replacement models seldom consider the maintenance effect. The facilities after maintenance are generally not as good as new, but are relatively restored. The target of this study is to establish a replacement decision model of the reservoir facilities under imperfect maintenance. By combining the theories of reliability analysis, imperfect maintenance, and engineering economics, the best timing of replacement that achieves cost-effectiveness is analyzed and proposed. Lastly, based on the design of experiments (DOE) and simulation, the regression curve chart for the economical replacement decision is established. Once the failure rate, the age of recovery after maintenance, and the ratio of maintenance cost to replacement cost are estimated based on historical data, the cost-effective replacement time of hydraulic machinery facilities will be efficiently determined.

scholarly journals Validation of variants using cost effective highresolution melting (HRM) analysis predicted from target re-sequencing in Eucalyptus

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-113
Author(s):  
Abdul Bari Muneera Parveen ◽  
Divya Lakshmanan ◽  
Modhumita Ghosh Dasgupta
Keyword(s):  
Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Time Saving ◽  
Hrm Analysis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Generation Sequencing

The advent of next-generation sequencing has facilitated large-scale discovery and mapping of genomic variants for high-throughput genotyping. Several research groups working in tree species are presently employing next generation sequencing (NGS) platforms for marker discovery, since it is a cost effective and time saving strategy. However, most trees lack a chromosome level genome map and validation of variants for downstream application becomes obligatory. The cost associated with identifying potential variants from the enormous amount of sequence data is a major limitation. In the present study, high resolution melting (HRM) analysis was optimized for rapid validation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions or deletions (InDels) and simple sequence repeats (SSRs) predicted from exome sequencing of parents and hybrids of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. ? Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden generated from controlled hybridization. The cost per data point was less than 0.5 USD, providing great flexibility in terms of cost and sensitivity, when compared to other validation methods. The sensitivity of this technology in variant detection can be extended to other applications including Bar-HRM for species authentication and TILLING for detection of mutants.

Inspection Manpower Planning for X & S Control Charts

2012 ◽  
Vol 488-489 ◽  
pp. 1624-1630
Author(s):  
Wen An Yang ◽  
Wen He Liao ◽  
Yu Guo
Keyword(s):  
Control Charts ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Manpower Planning ◽  
Sampling Interval ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Optimization Strategy ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control

A method of determining the optimal number of inspectors and/or working time required on a specific SPC activity is presented in the study. The issue of inspection manpower planning is handled as a constrained optimization problem. The optimization strategy is not only to minimize the avoidable surplus quality loss due to failure of detecting the out-of-control states but to determine the cost of inspection manpower from the perspective of deploying an appropriate amount of inspection manpower in a cost-effective manner, and meanwhile the values of sample size, sampling interval and control limits of control charts are also determined. The result obtained indicates that the total cost (or loss) can be substantially reduced if implementing control charts was equipped with adequate inspection manpower.

Value and Cost Effectiveness of Conducting a Root Cause Analysis

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
André-Michel Ferrari ◽  
Brad Jones
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Root Cause Analysis ◽  
Cause Analysis ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Knowledge Enhancement ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
The Cost

The formal Root Cause Analysis (RCA) process consists of a structured approach to identifying the underlying factors that result in the unwanted outcomes of one or more typically negative past events (chronic or sporadic). The process helps to identify what systems or behaviors need to be modified to prevent recurrence of similar outcomes. The fundamental driver of the RCA is to eliminate the causes that lead to the unwanted event rather than addressing the symptoms of the event. This generally leads to multiple corrective actions rather than a single solution. Based on various root causes analyses conducted by a department in Enbridge Pipelines since 2006, various benefits provided by RCA exercises are highlighted in this paper. The findings were mainly derived from completed RCAs as well as RCA team member surveys. Firstly, the cost effectiveness of the RCA process was identified as a primary driver for this exercise. For example, one RCA involving a multidisciplinary team of 8 members, costing approximately $35,000, led to $1M in recommended solutions generating $16M in potential savings. In other words, each of the 350 hours spent on the RCA produced $8,571 in savings underlining the value creation to the company. Secondly, the RCA process combined with the power of the team reflection led to the identification of new issues which were causing other revenue losses to the company. Because these issues were not part of the defined scope of the original RCA, their root causes were not be immediately assessed but nevertheless their impact could easily be quantified and forwarded to Management for review. The third benefit highlighted by RCAs is more of an educational benefit to team members and subsequently the organization. Through cross functional examination of the issues and events, the team members became aware and educated on issues that would not have otherwise been apparent. Additionally, by working through the RCA methodology, the team members enhanced their problem solving abilities which benefit their everyday work. In conclusion, other than identifying techniques to preclude unwanted outcomes and providing cost saving opportunities in a very cost effective manner, RCAs can be considered as an effective knowledge enhancement tool for an organization.

scholarly journals Extrapolating Injury from Larger to Smaller Oil Spills: Lessons in Louisiana

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
John C. Kern
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Injury Assessment ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACT One challenge for trustees in a natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) is to adequately quantify natural resource injuries in a cost-effective manner. This is particularly true for smaller spills, where the cost of more expansive and more expensive injury assessment studies could dwarf the cost of the restoration actions to compensate for those injuries. The need for cost-effective assessments must he balanced against the need for the assessment methods to be technically defensible and useful in identifying and scaling appropriate restoration actions. In this paper, it is shown how the injury assessment results from the Lake Barre oil spill of May 1997 (which released 6,561 barrels of crude oil) were used to help inform trustees about the likely magnitude of injury for two smaller crude oil spills in Louisiana. For the Lake Barre spill, the trustees developed an incident-specific model—adapted from the Type A model—to quantify injury to birds and aquatic fauna. The results of this model were used to evaluate a restoration offer as compensation for these injuries from the responsible party (RP). Subsequently, the results of the Lake Barre assessment were used to help quantify injury to birds and aquatic organisms for the September 1998 release of up to 1,500 barrels of crude oil from a well blowout into Lake Grande Ecaille. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) again used the Lake Barre results to quantify injury to water column organisms for a November 1999 release of 850 barrels of crude oil from a pipeline in Four-Bayou Pass. Estimating injury by extrapolation from one spill to similar spills represents one cost-effective approach toward quantifying injury for small incidents, and should be considered as a potential injury assessment method for those spills where it is impractical or otherwise difficult to justify conducting large incident-specific injury studies. This technique can be done quickly, potentially speeding the settlement and restoration implementation process, thereby compensating the public in an expeditious manner.

Billing and Reimbursement for Advanced Practice in Solid Organ Transplantation

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 274-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Ann Hoch ◽  
Erin Maynard ◽  
James Whiting
Keyword(s):  
Solid Organ Transplantation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Utility ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Advanced Practice ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
End Stage ◽  
The Cost

Transplantation is considered the treatment of choice for end-stage organ failure in most organ systems. Kidney transplantation is cost-saving as compared with dialysis, and the cost utility of liver transplantation is favorable compared with other accepted medical interventions; nonetheless, transplantation is an expensive endeavor. As a result, both hospitals and payers have made considerable efforts to try to limit the costs associated with transplantation; these efforts have resulted in complicated reimbursement schemes and a variety of models to deliver care. It is in this context that many institutions have looked to incorporate advanced practice professionals in the care of transplant patients. The ability to use advanced practice professionals in a cost-effective manner can be enhanced by an understanding of how reimbursement in transplantation works and the legal and financial implications of their employment.

Cost-effectiveness of primary prophylaxis (PP) with colony-simulating factor (CSF) when compared with secondary prophylaxis (SP) in elderly patients with diffuse aggressive lymphoma undergoing curative chemotherapy

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6558-6558
Author(s):  
K. K. Chan ◽  
K. R. Imrie ◽  
S. M. Alibhai
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Primary Prophylaxis ◽  
Cost Utility ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Aggressive Lymphoma ◽  
Base Case ◽  
The Cost

6558 Background: The 2006 ASCO guideline recommends PP with CSF for elderly patients with diffuse aggressive lymphoma, partially based on previous cost-minimization analyses showing that CSF saved costs when compared with no CSF by reducing hospitalization from febrile neutropenia (FN) when the risk of FN was > 20%. However, these studies examined only one cycle of chemotherapy and did not account for costs of CSF in subsequent cycles, did not consider SP, and did not consider patients’ preferences. Methods: We conducted a cost-utility analysis to compare PP with SP in this setting using a Markov model for a time horizon of 8 cycles of chemotherapy with a government payer perspective. Costs were adjusted to 2006 $CAD. Ontario health economic data were used. The cost of hospitalization for FN was obtained from Ontario Case Costing Initiative. Data for efficacies of CSF, probabilities and utilities were obtained from published literature. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using a threshold of $100,000/QALY. Results: The base case costs for PP and SP were $22,077 and $17,641. The QALYs of PP and SP were 0.254 and 0.248. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio of PP to SP was $739,999/QALY. One-way sensitivity analyses showed that in order for PP to be cost-effective, the cost of hospitalization per episode of FN had to be > $31,138 (i.e. 2.5 times > base case), the cost of CSF per cycle had to be < $896 (base case = $1,960), the risk of FN in the 1st cycle had to be > 48% (base case = 24%), or the relative risk reduction of FN with CSF had to be > 97% (base case = 41%). Our result was robust to all other cost, probability and utility variables. First order microsimulation showed that < 17% of simulations were cost-effective. Conclusions: PP is not cost-effective when compared with SP for this population under most assumptions. PP only becomes attractive in places where the cost of hospitalization for FN is much more than that of Ontario, or the cost of CSF is under $896 per cycle. The costs of CSF and hospitalization in all cycles (instead of just one cycle) should be accounted for in any economic evaluation of CSF. Current guidelines recommending PP in this population should be revisited. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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