Linking Primary Healthcare Policies With Health System for Improved Health Outcomes in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 576-597
Author(s):  
Augustine Nduka Eneanya
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health System ◽  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Quality Healthcare ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Government Records

Quality healthcare is a fundamental right of all citizens of any nation. In Nigeria, there are disparities in terms of quality of healthcare provided to different groups in the rural and urban areas. It is this desire to ensure access to potential patients and the existence of a quality healthcare system in Nigeria that necessitates primary healthcare policy. The purpose of this chapter, therefore, is to investigate how primary healthcare policies affect health system performance and health outcomes in Nigeria. The chapter adopted qualitative research approach. Secondary data were collected from secondary sources, such as textbooks, journal articles, newspapers, WHO reports, government records, and internet. Content and secondary data analysis methods were adopted to analyze, interpret, and answer the research questions. Findings show that health outcomes remain poor because of weak health system as infant and maternal mortality are still high and universal access coverage still low. The chapter concludes that a strong health system would improve health outcomes.

Linking Primary Healthcare Policies With Health System for Improved Health Outcomes in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 87-114
Author(s):  
Augustine Nduka Eneanya
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health System ◽  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Quality Healthcare ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Government Records

Quality healthcare is a fundamental right of all citizens of any nation. In Nigeria, there are disparities in terms of quality of healthcare provided to different groups in the rural and urban areas. It is this desire to ensure access to potential patients and the existence of a quality healthcare system in Nigeria that necessitates primary healthcare policy. The purpose of this chapter, therefore, is to investigate how primary healthcare policies affect health system performance and health outcomes in Nigeria. The chapter adopted qualitative research approach. Secondary data were collected from secondary sources, such as textbooks, journal articles, newspapers, WHO reports, government records, and internet. Content and secondary data analysis methods were adopted to analyze, interpret, and answer the research questions. Findings show that health outcomes remain poor because of weak health system as infant and maternal mortality are still high and universal access coverage still low. The chapter concludes that a strong health system would improve health outcomes.

scholarly journals The Brazilian health system at crossroads: progress, crisis and resilience

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. e000829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano Massuda ◽  
Thomas Hone ◽  
Fernando Antonio Gomes Leles ◽  
Marcia C de Castro ◽  
Rifat Atun
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health System ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Health Financing ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Brazilian Health System

The Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS)) has enabled substantial progress towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in Brazil. However, structural weakness, economic and political crises and austerity policies that have capped public expenditure growth are threatening its sustainability and outcomes. This paper analyses the Brazilian health system progress since 2000 and the current and potential effects of the coalescing economic and political crises and the subsequent austerity policies. We use literature review, policy analysis and secondary data from governmental sources in 2000–2017 to examine changes in political and economic context, health financing, health resources and healthcare service coverage in SUS. We find that, despite a favourable context, which enabled expansion of UHC from 2003 to 2014, structural problems persist in SUS, including gaps in organisation and governance, low public funding and suboptimal resource allocation. Consequently, large regional disparities exist in access to healthcare services and health outcomes, with poorer regions and lower socioeconomic population groups disadvantaged the most. These structural problems and disparities will likely worsen with the austerity measures introduced by the current government, and risk reversing the achievements of SUS in improving population health outcomes. The speed at which adverse effects of the current and political crises are manifested in the Brazilian health system underscores the importance of enhancing health system resilience to counteract external shocks (such as economic and political crises) and internal shocks (such as sector-specific austerity policies and rapid ageing leading to rise in disease burden) to protect hard-achieved progress towards UHC.

scholarly journals The The pharmacy workforce in public primary healthcare centers: promoting access and information on medicines

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 2048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia B. Faraco ◽  
Luciano Guimarães ◽  
Claire Anderson ◽  
Silvana N. Leite
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Workforce Development ◽  
Primary Healthcare ◽  
National Health System ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Public Facilities ◽  
Medicines Information ◽  
Primary Healthcare Centers

Background: Only few studies have analyzed the pharmaceutical workforce in primary healthcare centers, and a global recommendation calls for better understanding of the trends that shape workforce development and capacity. Objective: To analyze the distribution of the pharmaceutical workforce in primary healthcare centers in the national health system [Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS)] in Brazil. Methods: The study was conducted using data from the National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines in Brazil. Secondary data referring to the socioeconomic indicators of each municipality were obtained from national public databases. Data stratification in geographic regions was considered, and data on workers in the management of the municipal pharmaceutical services and medicines dispensing centers were analyzed. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were calculated by Poisson regression in the study investigating the factors associated with low and high-density pharmacists per 10,000 inhabitants. Results: The results showed that most Brazilian municipalities have a rate of 1 or more pharmacist per 10,000 inhabitants in primary healthcare public facilities, with a higher concentration of pharmacists in small municipalities. Even in Brazilian municipalities with lower economic capacity, the conditions of access to medicines and pertinent information on medicines were directly related to the number of pharmacists available in these centers. Conclusions: This study showed a high number of pharmacists in the public health system. The higher density of pharmacists in primary healthcare public facilities correlated to increased access to medicines information and better municipal social development.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Akan Dying, Death and Mourning Rites

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-28
Author(s):  
Isaac Boaheng
Keyword(s):  
High Probability ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Traditional Beliefs ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
The Impact

This study examines how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected Akan traditional rites related to dying, death and mourning. The study used a qualitative research approach (based on both primary and secondary sources) to examine Akan dying, death and mourning rites and selected critical issues arising due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Primary data were obtained from semi-structured interviews and participant observa¬tion whiles secondary data were obtained from books, journal articles and others. The study found that though COVID-19 health protocols have changed many Akan traditional rites related to dying, death and mourning, the Akan people still maintain their traditional beliefs about dying, death and mourning. Therefore, there is a high probability that changes that have taken place will be discarded as soon as the pandemic is over.

scholarly journals Roles and Responsibilities Land Deed Official (PPAT) Of Tax Duty in the Implementation of Acquisition of Land and Buildings (BPHTB) Underpayment by the Taxpayers in Semarang

Jurnal Akta ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 669
Author(s):  
Ahmad Khalimaya Nugroho ◽  
Gunarto Gunarto ◽  
Sri Endah Wahyuningsih
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Tax Collection ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The City

The purpose of this research are: 1) To identify and analyze the role of responsibility in the Land Deed Official BPHTB implementation of extant underpayment by the taxpayer in the city of Semarang. 2) To know and understand the procedures for implementing the tax collection of BPHTB the underpayment by the taxpayer in the city of Semarang. 3) To analyze the barriers and solutions in tax collection is less paid by the taxpayer in the city of Semarang.The methods of this research approach is empirical jurisdiction. Primary data was taken by the method of structured interviews, secondary data, and the data tertiary literature study and analysis by descriptive analytical method.Based on the results of data analysis concluded that: 1) The role and responsibilities of PPAT can vary in terms of solving problems regarding the lack of pay taxes BPHTB, first there are some of PPAT to omit some chapters in a deed of them, and some are not stated with a settlement notice or in the form of an appeal as officials land deed to the client or taxpayers.2) procession conducted by the tax authorities namely Apparatus State Civil circulate bills of underpayment of tax is intended to taxpayers who are still their underpayment of tax by nature force because the circulars issued by phisicus accordance with rule and regulations in force in accordance with Regulation Semarang City No. 2 of 2011 Chapter VII Article 15 paragraph 1 and 2. 3) Barriers often happens is that first were often there is an error in the calculation of the nominal value of the deposit amount of tax to be paid by the taxpayer to the local government, the second presence at the crux on the amount of tax rates provided to the taxpayer by the SPPTPBB both rural and urban, as well as the steps being taken are in accordance with agreed procedures, but it is still the amount of load that must be paid by the taxpayer. The solution to these problems that is better than the Land Deed Official should conduct socialization to the client then later if there is any underpayment of tax.Keywords: Empirical Juridical Review; Pay less Tax; Customs Tax Collection Procession Acquisition of Land

PENGARUH KOMPETENSI, MOTIVASI, DAN KOMUNIKASI TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI PADA DINAS PEKERJAAN UMUM DAN PENATAAN RUANG KABUPATEN BANDUNG BARAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Lydia Novi Yanti
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
T Test ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
F Test ◽  
Simultaneous Test

This research is conducted in order to assess the effect of competency, motivation, and communication on employee’s performance (case studies at Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan Penataan Ruang West Bandung Regency) partially and simultaneously. There are many factors that affect the employee’s performance, but this research is only limited to the factors of competency, motivation, and communication. The researcher used primary and secondary data. The research approach used is quantitative approach which the samples are 55 civil servants which is assessed by 5 Heads of Fields and 2 Heads Sub-Division. Before analyzing, all research validity and reliability instruments are examined. After the data are valid and reliable then analyzed by using classical assumption test, partial test (t test), and simultaneous test (F test) helping by IBM SPSS version 23 software. The result of analysis showed that competency, motivation, and communication variables are affected positively significantly and partially to the employee’s performance. Competency, motivation, and communication variables simultaneously affected positively and significantly about 54,3% and the rest is about 45,7% affected by other variable that is not observed in this research.  

scholarly journals The impact of economic sanctions on health and health systems in low- and middle-income countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Suhrcke ◽  
M Pinna Pintor ◽  
C Hamelmann
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health System ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Adverse Health ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Economic sanctions, understood as measures taken by one state or a group of states to coerce another into a desired conduct (eg by restricting trade and financial flows) do not primarily seek to adversely affect the health or health system of the target country's population. Yet, there may be indirect or unintended health and health system consequences that ought to be borne in mind when assessing the full set of effects of sanctions. We take stock of the evidence to date in terms of whether - and if so, how - economic sanctions impact health and health systems in LMICs. Methods We undertook a structured literature review (using MEDLINE and Google Scholar), covering the peer-reviewed and grey literature published from 1970-2019, with a specific focus on quantitative assessments. Results Most studies (23/27) that met our inclusion criteria focus on the relationship between sanctions and health outcomes, ranging from infant or child mortality as the most frequent case over viral hepatitis to diabetes and HIV, among others. Fewer studies (9/27) examined health system related indicators, either as a sole focus or jointly with health outcomes. A minority of studies explicitly addressed some of the methodological challenges, incl. control for relevant confounders and the endogeneity of sanctions. Taking the results at face value, the evidence is almost unanimous in highlighting the adverse health and health system effects of economic sanctions. Conclusions Quantitatively assessing the impact of economic sanctions on health or health systems is a challenging task, not least as it is persistently difficult to disentangle the effect of sanctions from many other, potentially major factors at work that matter for health (as, for instance, war). In addition, in times of severe economic and political crisis (which often coincide with sanctions), the collection of accurate and comprehensive data that could allow appropriate measurement is typically not a priority. Key messages The existing evidence is almost unanimous in highlighting the adverse health and health system effects of economic sanctions. There is preciously little good quality evidence on the health (system) impact of economic sanctions.

Behavioural health outcomes in veterans compared to nonveterans by rural and urban areas in Alabama, 2015–2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Albright ◽  
Kari L. Fletcher ◽  
Kate H. Thomas ◽  
Justin T. McDaniel ◽  
Kirsten Laha‐Walsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Behavioural Health ◽  
Rural And Urban

scholarly journals Fifteen-year trends in self-reported racism and link with health and well-being of African Canadian adolescents: a secondary data analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen U. Okoye ◽  
Elizabeth Saewyc
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Public Health Action ◽  
Extreme Stress ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
African Canadian

Abstract Background We assessed the prevalence and trends in racial discrimination among African Canadian adolescents in British Columbia. The association between racial discrimination and self-rated health, access to mental health services, substance use, suicidal thoughts and attempts, experience of extreme stress, among others were examined within the 2018 dataset. Methods Secondary analysis used the data collected from African Canadian adolescents (n = 2448) as part of the British Columbia Adolescent Health Surveys (2003–2018). We examined whether racial discrimination increased, decreased, or remained stable over time. We evaluated experiences of racial discrimination for all adolescents, and then disaggregated analyses for boys, girls, immigrant, and Canadian-born African adolescents. We used Rao-Scott’s adjusted chi-square to test differences in racial discrimination and adjusted logistic regressions to test trends across survey years, widening or narrowing gaps in racial discrimination, as well as the link to health outcomes. Results Racial discrimination was significantly different across the survey years (Adjusted F = 4.60, p < .01), with the highest percentage of adolescents reporting past year racial discrimination in 2018 (29.9%) and the lowest percentage in 2013 (21.3%). Girls and immigrant African Canadian adolescents were more likely to have experienced racial discrimination. However, girls and Canadian-born adolescents had the highest odds of reporting racial discrimination in 2018 compared to 2003, AOR = 1.85, and 1.58, respectively. The findings reveal significant differences in the experiences of racial discrimination for boys and girls, as well as for immigrant and Canadian-born African adolescents. Significant differences were noted in the link between racial discrimination and self-rated health and engaging in behaviours that might expose them to health risks. The worst negative health outcomes were found for boys and immigrant African Canadian adolescents. Conclusion The study suggests that more than 1 in 4 African Canadian adolescents in British Columbia report racial discrimination, which is an increasing trend in recent years. Those who reported racial discrimination also had the worst adverse health outcomes. There is a need for more public health action to reduce racism, create awareness about the negative health impacts, and provide better support for African Canadian adolescents.

scholarly journals Determinants of Financial Inclusion in Small and Medium Enterprises: Evidence from Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 286
Author(s):  
Betgilu Oshora ◽  
Goshu Desalegn ◽  
Eva Gorgenyi-Hegyes ◽  
Maria Fekete-Farkas ◽  
Zoltan Zeman
Keyword(s):  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Access To Finance ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Supply Side Factors ◽  
Positive Effect

The study examines the determinant factors that influence financial inclusion among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Ethiopia. The study uses an explanatory research design and a mixed research approach with both primary and secondary sources of data. More specifically, the study adopts a multiple linear regression model. The finding of the study reveals that; supply-side factors, demand-side factors, market opportunity, and collateral requirements have a positive effect on the firm’s access to finance. On the other hand, institutional framework factors, and the costs of borrowing negatively affect the firm’s access to finance. This study suggests concerned bodies sustain rapid and inclusive economic growth and hence eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, the policymakers must build an efficient, strong, and well-functioning financial market system that provides affordable and sustainable financial service to SMEs.

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