Bottom-Up Management and System Design

2000 ◽  
pp. 61-75
Author(s):  
W. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
System Design ◽  
Business Systems ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Loosely Coupled ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
The People ◽  
Develop Software ◽  
Artificial Boundaries ◽  
Real Behavior

Development techniques almost always use top-down approaches to develop software and business systems. Humans need to simplify the external world by using cognitive models to build a boundary around a problem. These necessary, but artificial, boundaries help us cope with the complexity of the problem at hand. However, this deductive process produces dilemmas, as it leads to misconceptions about the real behavior of systems and the people in them. This chapter will look at system design using the system elements (and their interactions) as the starting point of design, that is an inductive approach. Whilst this will not replace the top- down approach, its use will enhance problem solutions. In a contemporary world of loosely coupled organisational elements, it is necessary to view the system from this perspective to fully understand it. This chapter will offer a preliminary methodology to approach system design using ‘bottom up’ thinking. This view is not the opposite of top-down thinking but a supplement to it. It results in asking questions about the desired system, which are fundamentally different in nature to conventional techniques

Human-Centered Reengineering: The Integration of Human Factors into Business Reengineering

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 854-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin L. Somberg ◽  
Mary Carol Day
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
System Design ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Process Reengineering ◽  
Mutual Benefit ◽  
Work Process ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up

Business reengineering is currently being employed by many companies to maintain and improve their effectiveness. However, 50% to 70% of all reengineering efforts fail to accomplish their objectives. Although business reengineering and human factors approaches to work process reengineering share many goals, their approaches differ in four significant ways: (1) a top-down vs. a bottom-up approach; (2) starting from scratch vs. learning from an analysis of strengths and weaknesses of the existing work environment, (3) relying mainly on data from management vs. data from workers at all levels, and (4) treating processes and systems independently without a view of the worker at the center vs. a worker-centered integrated approach to process and system design. An integration of human factors approaches into business reengineering can increase the success of reengineering efforts. Data from projects where human factors specialists worked on reengineering efforts illustrate the mutual benefit to both types of work that can be gained through collaboration.

scholarly journals Revolutionary Socialist Internationalism: Rank-and-File Reaction in the USPD

1977 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
International Meeting ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Historical Accounts

Historical accounts of the First, Second and Third Internationals, i.e., those organizations that attempted to realize some sort of supranational working-class solidarity, have traditionally been presented in terms of congresses, programs and personalities. Invariably scholars have focused on the public and private debates at this or that international meeting and/or how Marx, Engels, Lenin or some other leading figure influenced or reacted to some specific development. In short, the history of the International has been looked at almost exclusively from the “top down”. There is not anything wrong with this approach per se, but it might be of some value to consider, occasionally at least, the people whom the various Internationals were supposed to be serving, in other words to examine the International not only from the “top down” but also from the “bottom up”.

scholarly journals CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS OF A BOTTOM UP URBAN DESIGN PROCESS TO DELIVER SUSTAINABLE URBAN DESIGNS

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuwan Dias ◽  
Kaushal Keraminiyage ◽  
Dilanthi Amaratunga ◽  
Steve Curwell
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Critical Success Factors ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Critical Success ◽  
The People

A sustainable urban environment caters for peoples’ need. When the needs of the people are addressed, it increases the property values and attracts investors. The current urban design process is top-down, i.e., Designers and planners play the key role and the community has less engagement. There are serious criticisms of this process as it may not touch the “ground” level requirements, and therefore, these projects will fail to create sustainable environments. Accordingly, to overcome the drawbacks of the current top-down process, researches have discussed implementing a bottom-up process in order to deliver sustainable urban designs. Based on this argument this paper discusses what are the positive and negative implications of a bottom up urban design process and what are the critical success factors which can be derived from a bottom-up urban design process in order to deliver sustainable urban environments.

Task Modelling for Interactive System Design

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (EICS) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Judy Bowen ◽  
Anke Dittmar ◽  
Benjamin Weyers
Keyword(s):  
Software Development ◽  
System Design ◽  
Interactive System ◽  
Tool Support ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Patterns Of Use ◽  
Interactive System Design ◽  
Software Development Practices ◽  
Representative Task

Task models have been used for decades in interactive system design and there are several mature modelling approaches with corresponding tool support. However, in our own work, we have also experienced their limitations, especially in situations where task models are partial ancillary models and not primary artifacts. This was one of the motivations for this paper, which presents a systematic examination of literature to better understand the current place of task models in the continual evolution of user-centred software development practices. While overview work in this domain typically focuses on the analysis of representative task modelling notations and/or tools and relies on foundation papers, we apply a mixed top-down and bottom-up approach to identify relevant themes and trends in the use of task models over the last twenty-years. The paper identifies and discusses dominant patterns of use as well as gaps. It provides a comprehensive framing of both past and present trends in task modelling and supports those who want to incorporate task modelling in their own work. From this we identify areas of research that should receive greater attention in order to address future considerations.

Formalizing Property Rights

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Dale ◽  
John McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Formal Property ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The People ◽  
Greater Cairo ◽  
The Law ◽  
Eastern European Countries

Property systems may be formal or informal. Formal property systems are those where the interests are explicitly acknowledged and protected by the law. This is the case for the vast majority of property rights in developed countries. Informal property interests are those that are recognized by the local, informal community but which are not formally acknowledged by the state. They exist in most developing countries outside the legal system and are often the result of inadequate legislation, or excessive and inefficient bureaucracies. Many legal systems, such as those based on the French Napoleonic code, have been established ‘top down’ with a framework of law imposed by legislators. The common law systems on the other hand are based on a ‘bottom-up’ approach in which the customs and practices of the people eventually become written down and accepted within a statutory framework. Historically, common law systems grew out of informal systems and, through the body of case law that developed, gradually became accepted across the whole of the jurisdiction. ‘Top-down’ legal systems are essentially negative in that actions may not be undertaken unless they are permitted by the law; ‘bottom-up’ systems generally work on the basis that anything is permitted unless explicitly forbidden by the law. In many of the central and eastern European countries, land reform has been delayed because there were decisions that could not be taken because there was no law that permitted them. Rather than move on with the processes, laws had to be drafted and agreed specifying that such actions were permissible. As an example, work could not be contracted out to the private sector because the law did not say that this was permissible; there was however no statement that such action was forbidden. Informal systems of tenure provide no state security but can, in practice, be sufficiently robust for the people in the areas concerned to invest in housing and development; an estimated three-quarters of Greater Cairo, for example, is said to have been developed without formal approvals.

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