Measuring Reduction Methods for VR Sickness in Virtual Environments

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takurou Magaki ◽  
Michael Vallance
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Reduction Method ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Simulator Sickness ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Effective Reduction ◽  
Reduction Methods ◽  
Simulator Sickness Questionnaire

Recently, virtual reality (VR) technologies have developed remarkably. However, some users have negative symptoms during VR experiences or post-experiences. Consequently, alleviating VR sickness is a major challenge, but an effective reduction method has not yet been discovered. The purpose of this article is to compare and evaluate VR sickness in two virtual environments (VE). Current known methods of reducing VR sickness were implemented. To measure VR sickness a validated simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) was undertaken by the subjects (n=21). In addition, subjects wore a customized biological sensor in order to evaluate their physiological data by measuring responses in three kinds of natural states and two kinds of VR experience states. This quantitative data, as objective evaluations according to the biological responses, is analyzed and considered alongside subjective qualitative evaluations according to the SSQ. The outcomes and limitations of the reduction methods and data collection are discussed.

Assessing the Impact of Control and Sensory Compatibility on Sickness in Virtual Environments

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (22) ◽  
pp. 1122-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Rich ◽  
Curt C. Braun
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Motion Sickness ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Conflict Theory ◽  
Simulator Sickness ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Simulator Sickness Questionnaire ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Impact

Virtual reality (VR) users are frequently limited by motion sickness-like symptoms. One factor that might influence sickness in VR is the level of control one has in a virtual environment. Reason's Sensory Conflict Theory suggested that motion sickness occurs when incompatibilities exist between four sensory inputs. It is possible that control and sensory compatibility are positively related. If this is the case, increasing control in a virtual environment should result in decreasing symptomology. To test this, the present study used the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire to measure symptomology of 163 participants after exposure to a virtual environment. Three levels of control and compatibility were assessed. It was hypothesized that the participants with control and compatible sensory information would experience fewer symptoms than participants in either the control/incompatible or no control/incompatible conditions. Although significant main effects were found for both gender and condition, the findings were opposite of those hypothesized. Possible explanations for this finding are discussed.

Preliminary findings on the Virtual Environment for Radiotherapy Training (VERT) system: simulator sickness and presence

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Flinton ◽  
Nick White
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Motion Sickness ◽  
General Health ◽  
Simulator Sickness ◽  
Simulator Sickness Questionnaire ◽  
Thé Vert

AbstractBackground:Virtual environments in medical education are becoming increasingly popular as a learning tool. However, there is a large amount of evidence linking these systems to adverse effects that mimic motion sickness. It is also proposed that the efficacy of such systems is affected by how well they engage the user, which is often referred to as presence.Purpose:This primary purpose of this study was to look at the side effects experienced and presence in the Virtual Environment for Radiotherapy Training (VERT) system which has recently been introduced.Method:A pre-VERT questionnaire was given to 84 subjects to ascertain general health of the subjects. The simulator sickness questionnaire was utilised to determine the side effects experienced, whereas the igroup presence questionnaire was used to measure presence. Both questionnaires were given immediately after use of the VERT system.Results:The majority of symptoms were minor; the two most commonly reported symptoms relating to ocular issues. No relationship was seen between simulator sickness and presence although subjects with a higher susceptibility to travel sickness had reported higher levels of disorientation and nausea. There was also a decrease in involvement with the system in subjects with a higher susceptibility to travel sickness.

scholarly journals A Study on Cybersickness Reduction Method using Oculomotor Exercise

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.27) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Yeol Ho Kim ◽  
Junho Ko ◽  
Seong-wook Jang ◽  
Kwang-Ho Seok ◽  
Wookho Son ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Reduction Method ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Simulator Sickness ◽  
Simulator Sickness Questionnaire

VR content has problem in causing cybersickness to user. Nevertheless, the main reasons causing cybersickness have not been identified. In this paper, we proposed a cybersickness reduction method using oculomotor exercise. The proposed method was examined through an experiment measuring human factors such as simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) and blood sampling. Experimental results with oculomotor exercise showed that cortisol in blood were not increased. Therefore, it was confirmed that the proposed method was effective for reducing cybersickness reduction.  

scholarly journals Vection Change Exacerbates Simulator Sickness in Virtual Environments

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Bonato ◽  
Andrea Bubka ◽  
Stephen Palmisano ◽  
Danielle Phillip ◽  
Giselle Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Flow Pattern ◽  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Motion Sickness ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Flow Patterns ◽  
Simulator Sickness ◽  
Simulator Sickness Questionnaire ◽  
Self Motion

The optic flow patterns generated by virtual reality (VR) systems typically produce visually induced experiences of self-motion (vection). While this vection can enhance presence in VR, it is often accompanied by a variant of motion sickness called simulator sickness (SS). However, not all vection experiences are the same. In terms of perceived heading and/or speed, visually simulated self-motion can be either steady or changing. It was hypothesized that changing vection would lead to more SS. Participants viewed an optic flow pattern that either steadily expanded or alternately expanded and contracted. In one experiment, SS was measured pretreatment and after 5 min of viewing using the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire. In a second experiment employing the same stimuli, vection onset and magnitude were measured using a computer-interfaced slide indicator. The steadily expanding flow pattern, compared to the expanding and contracting pattern, led to: 1) significantly less SS, 2) lower subscores for nausea, oculomotor, and disorientation symptoms, 3) more overall vection magnitude, and 4) less changing vection. Collectively, these results suggest that changing vection exacerbates SS.

Simulator Sickness and Related Findings in a Virtual Environment

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (21) ◽  
pp. 1511-1515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia M. Kolasinski ◽  
Richard D. Gilson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Simulator Sickness ◽  
Minute Exposure ◽  
Delayed Effects ◽  
Statistical Comparison ◽  
Final Level ◽  
Simulator Sickness Questionnaire ◽  
Insight Into

Research indicates that users of Virtual Environments (VEs) can experience a variety of effects known as “simulator sickness.” A PC-based VE system was used to investigate sickness occurring in conjunction with a 20-minute exposure to the game Ascent. Forty undergraduates served as participants. Sickness was measured with the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ). Data on gender, possible lingering/delayed effects, inter-pupillary distance (IPD), and final level reached in Ascent were also collected. Statistical comparison of the pre- and post-exposure SSQ data established sickness occurrence. The results indicated that sickness could be severe and may involve lingering and/or delayed effects. Gender differences in mean sickness scores were not statistically significant. A significant negative correlation was found between IPD and the SSQ Eyestrain symptom. Significant negative correlations were also found between sickness scores and final level reached in Ascent. These findings provide some insight into possible effects of VE exposure and suggest some areas for research.

Time Course of Simulator Sickness in Asian Military Pilots

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 892-896
Author(s):  
Janine En Qi Loi ◽  
Magdalene Li Ling Lee ◽  
Benjamin Boon Chuan Tan ◽  
Brian See
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Simulator Training ◽  
Simulator Sickness ◽  
Time Points ◽  
True Prevalence ◽  
Subjective Scale ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Simulator Sickness Questionnaire ◽  
Military Pilots

INTRODUCTION: This study sought to determine the incidence, severity, and time-course of simulator sickness (SS) among Asian military pilots following flight simulator training.METHODS: A survey was conducted on Republic of Singapore Air Force pilots undergoing simulator training. Each subject completed a questionnaire immediately after (0H), and at the 3-h (3H) and 6-h (6H) marks. The questionnaire included the simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) and a subjective scale to rate their confidence to fly.RESULTS: In this study, 258 pilots with a median age of 31.50 yr (range, 2155 yr) and mean age of 32.61 6.56 yr participated. The prevalence of SS was 48.1% at 0H, 30.8% at 3H, and 16.4% at 6H. Based on a threshold of an SSQ score >10, the prevalence of operationally significant SS was 33.3% at 0H, 13.2% at 3H, and 8.1% at 6H. The most frequent symptoms were fatigue (38.1%), eye strain (29.0%), and fullness of head (19.9%). There was no significant difference in mean scores between rotary and fixed wing pilots. Older, more experienced pilots had greater scores at 0H, but this association did not persist. A correlation was found between SSQ score and self-reported confidence.DISCUSSION: To our knowledge, this study is the first to report the prevalence of operationally significant SS in Asian military pilots over serial time points. Most pilots with SS are able to subjectively judge their fitness to fly. Sensitivity analysis suggests the true prevalence of SS symptoms at 3H and 6H to be closer to 23.8% and 12.0%, respectively.Loi JEQ, Lee MLL, Tan BBC, See B. Time course of simulator sickness in Asian military pilots. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(11):892896.

scholarly journals Presence, Cybersickness, Anxiety, and Heart Rate Variability in a Non-Clinical Population Using Virtual Reality Environments Designed For Specific Phobias' Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-09
Author(s):  
Maria Jose Distefano ◽  
Lucas P. Labandeira ◽  
Fernando M. Tarnogol ◽  
Belen Mesurado
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Simulator Sickness ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Autonomic Activation

The current study was performed to assess the phenomenon known as Presence, to measure Anxiety responses, simulator sickness and autonomic activation in subjects of the general population. The sample consisted in 37 Argentine participants (15 male, 22 female) between ages 20 and 40; who were exposed to 3 virtual environments designed to research and treat phobias. Instruments utilized for this study were the Symptom Checklist 90-R, Acrophobia Questionnaire, Fear of Spiders Questionnaire, The Claustrophobia Questionnaire, Igroup Presence Questionnaire, Simulator Sickness Questionnaire and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. All virtual environments generated sufficient feeling of presence. Cybersickness was only registered in the Elevator scenario. The Apartment and Spiders environments have shown not to be anxiety triggers within this population. As for Elevator, a significant increase in the level of state anxiety was generated. A possible hypothesis to account for this fact might be that reported anxiety responds to movement simulated in the virtual scenario while on the other two scenarios the subjects remained static. The existence of a correlation between HRV and state anxiety has been analyzed and no significant relation has been found between the variables. Even though there is a relation between anxiety and presence, no significant relation has been found between anxiety and presence. Regarding sensory conflict, a follow up study in the Elevator environment should be done, eliminating movement and exposing subjects to the stimuli while static at different heights. Future studies should consider broadening the size of the sample and studying clinical population to compare results.

scholarly journals The Effect of Field Heat Reduction Methods on Fresh and Processing Qualities of Red and Russet Potato Cultivars

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-355
Author(s):  
Sastry S. Jayanty ◽  
◽  
Esam Emragi ◽  
David G. Holm
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Reduction Method ◽  
French Fries ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
French Fry ◽  
Russet Norkotah ◽  
Fry Color ◽  
Reduction Methods

The effect of three field heat reduction methods, including temperature lowering stepwise (TLS), temperature lowering gradually (TLG), and temperature lowering immediately (TLI), after harvesting on the quality of Russet Norkotah 3 and red skin numbered line CO 07102-1R potatoes were investigated. The tubers were analyzed at harvest (0 time), when they reached 3 °C, and after 6 months of storage at 3 °C for physiological weight loss, firmness, wound healing, total phenolics content, reducing sugars, and color of french fries. The results indicated that weight and firmness losses were lower under the TLS reduction method after 6 months of storage than TLG and TLI methods. The weight loss in TLS is 12%, TLG 14% and TLI 17% in CO 07102-1R whereas Russet Norkotah TLS is 4%, TLG 6%, and TLI 8% respectively. Wound healing was more effective using the TLS reduction method, especially in Russet Norkotah 3. French fry color was lighter at harvest (USDA grade 0), while there were no differences in the color of French fries prepared from tubers stored under the TLS and TLG methods (both had USDA grade 2). French fries were darker for tubers from the TLI method (USDA grade 4). The total phenolic content and reducing sugars were significantly increased in the TLI field heat reduction method. Keywords: Potato, Storage management, Wound healing, Weight loss, French fry

The Preparation of Graphene via Thermal Reduction Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 557-559 ◽  
pp. 1539-1542
Author(s):  
Jian Fang Wang ◽  
Ya Nan Lv ◽  
Yin Long ◽  
Cheng An Tao ◽  
Hui Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Smooth Surface ◽  
Reduction Method ◽  
Thermal Reduction ◽  
Thermal Reaction ◽  
Thermal Method ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Graphene Surface ◽  
Reduction Methods

In this paper, the graphene oxide reducing by photochemical-thermal reduction and high-temperature thermal reduction was studied to get qualified graphene and avoid the re-aggregation. The results show that graphene obtained by both of the two reduction methods all maintained the original well-layered morphology of the graphene oxide. The graphene had smooth surface and high quality as completely reduced by high-temperature thermal method. However, the reduction the photochemical-thermal reaction was not sufficient and caused many vesicles on the graphene surface due to the low temperature and the lack of reaction time.

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