Recent Trends in Interference Mitigation and Spoofing Detection

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Dovis ◽  
Luciano Musumeci ◽  
Nicola Linty ◽  
Marco Pini
Keyword(s):  
Interference Mitigation ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Military Applications ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

This paper gives a classification of intentional and unintentional threats, such as interference, jamming and spoofing, and discusses some of the recent trends concerning techniques for their detection and mitigation. Despite the fact that these phenomena have been studied since the early stages of Global Positioning System (GPS), they were mainly addressed for military applications of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). However, a wide range of recent civil applications related to user’s safety or featuring financial implications would be deeply affected by interfering or spoofing signals intentionally created. For such a reason, added value processing algorithms are being studied and designed, in order to improve accuracy and robustness of the receiver and to assure the reliability of the estimated position and time solution.

Interference and Spoofing

2014 ◽  
pp. 54-83
Author(s):  
Fabio Dovis ◽  
Luciano Musumeci ◽  
Nicola Linty ◽  
Marco Pini
Keyword(s):  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Navigation Satellite ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Military Applications ◽  
Processing Algorithms ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

This chapter deals with one of the major concerns for reliable use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), providing a description of intentional and unintentional threats, such as interference, jamming, and spoofing. Despite the fact that these phenomena have been studied since the early stages of Global Positioning System (GPS), they were mainly addressed for military applications of GNSS. However, a wide range of recent civil applications related to user safety or featuring financial implications would be deeply affected by interfering or spoofing signals intentionally created. For such a reason, added value processing algorithms are being studied and designed in order to embed in the receiver an interference reporting capability so that they can monitor and possibly mitigate interference events.

scholarly journals A Survey for Recent Techniques and Algorithms of Geolocation and Target Tracking in Wireless and Satellite Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 6079
Author(s):  
Abulasad Elgamoudi ◽  
Hamza Benzerrouk ◽  
G. Arul Elango ◽  
René Landry
Keyword(s):  
Target Tracking ◽  
Satellite Communication ◽  
Interference Mitigation ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Disturbance Source ◽  
Single Radio ◽  
Novel Algorithms ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

A single Radio-Frequency Interference (RFI) is a disturbance source of modern wireless systems depending on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Satellite Communication (SatCom). In particular, significant applications such as aeronautics and satellite communication can be severely affected by intentional and unintentional interference, which are unmitigated. The matter requires finding a radical and effective solution to overcome this problem. The methods used for overcoming the RFI include interference detection, interference classification, interference geolocation, tracking and interference mitigation. RFI source geolocation and tracking methodology gained universal attention from numerous researchers, specialists, and scientists. In the last decade, various conventional techniques and algorithms have been adopted in geolocation and target tracking in civil and military operations. Previous conventional techniques did not address the challenges and demand for novel algorithms. Hence there is a necessity for focussing on the issues associated with this. This survey introduces a review of various conventional geolocation techniques, current orientations, and state-of-the-art techniques and highlights some approaches and algorithms employed in wireless and satellite systems for geolocation and target tracking that may be extremely beneficial. In addition, a comparison between different conventional geolocation techniques has been revealed, and the comparisons between various approaches and algorithms of geolocation and target tracking have been addressed, including H∞ and Kalman Filtering versions that have been implemented and investigated by authors.

How to make a multi-billion dollar thermometer

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 025003
Author(s):  
William H Baird
Keyword(s):  
Positional Information ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
Physics Students ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Field Programmable ◽  
Radio Signals ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Precise Time

Abstract The United States’ Global Positioning System (GPS), and similar geolocation systems such as Galileo, GLONASS, and Beidou are used by people all over the globe. Modern receivers of these global navigation satellite systems can track multiple satellites from different constellations. Casual, non-technical users are probably aware that the positional information provided is typically accurate to within a few meters. We could expect physics students to infer that, because these systems rely on the travel time of radio signals, this implies time measurement accuracy on the scale of tens of nanoseconds. This feature has led to GPS-enabled Internet time servers providing stratum 1 accuracy for under $1000. In this paper, we will show that we can couple a GPS unit to a field programmable gate array (FPGA) to determine the temperature in a room. The more serious application of this GPS-FPGA pairing is to provide precise time-stamping of events, thereby synchronizing data collection between stations across a room or across the globe.

Past, present, and future of the technological tracking methods to assess tactical variables in team sports: A systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markel Rico-González ◽  
José Pino-Ortega ◽  
Fabio Y Nakamura ◽  
Felipe Arruda Moura ◽  
Daniel Rojas-Valverde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Navigation Satellite ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Global Navigation ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

The main aim of this work was to review the use of technological tracking methods to assess collective spatial-positioning variables in team sports. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and PICO design for systematic reviews, study identification was performed in four databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, ProQuest Central, and Web of Science). Articles were selected if they focused on player position and technological tracking methods. After duplicate removal, 2194 articles were identified based on the established search criteria, of which 72 articles were selected and analysed. Semi-automatic optic-based systems, Global Positioning System/Global Navigation Satellite Systems, and local positioning systems were used in 60%, 33% and 7% of the studies, respectively. All studies that measured tactical variables by local positioning system technology in team sports used local position measurement technology. Optic-based systems were used more often in the early years to analyse collective tactical behaviour during competition. Later, Global Positioning System/Global Navigation Satellite Systems became more frequent to measure behaviour in team sports during the training process. The possibility of using the same system during competition and training will facilitate the assessment of collective tactical behaviour in team sports.

scholarly journals Galileo: a consolidação do sistema de posicionamento europeu

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
Crislaine Menezes da Silva ◽  
Paulo De Tarso Setti Júnior ◽  
Daniele Barroca Marra Alves ◽  
João Francisco Galera Monico
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Navigation Satellite ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Global Navigation ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

O Galileo é a contribuição da União Europeia ao GNSS (ingl. Global Navigation Satellite Systems – Sistemas de Navegação Global por Satélite) e está próximo da declaração da fase operacional completa, que deve ocorrer no final de 2020 ou início de 2021. Este sistema começou a ser concebido na década de 90, após a decisão do governo americano em não permitir que outras nações participassem da construção e manutenção do sistema NAVSTAR – GPS (ingl. Global Positioning System – Sistema de Posicionamento Global). O sistema Galileo é a primeira contribuição civil para o GNSS e foi desenvolvido de forma a ser independente dos outros sistemas nos segmentos espacial, de controle e operacional. Além disso, está sendo desenvolvido para ser interoperável e compatível com os outros GNSS, em especial o GPS. Nos últimos anos, o desenvolvimento do Galileo fez progressos significativos. A constelação atual compreende um total de 26 satélites orbitando a Terra, 22 operacionais, dos quais três pertencentes à primeira geração de satélites de validação de órbita, e a infraestrutura de controle terrestre está em pleno funcionamento.  Para o usuário, são transmitidos sinais em três frequências E1, E5 e E6. Os sinais em E1 e E5 são transmitidos nas mesmas frequências que os sinais GPS L1 e L5 e ambos sistemas usam princípios de modulação equivalentes. Isso é benéfico pois proporciona uma melhor cobertura e maior robustez para usuários que podem utilizar os sistemas de forma combinada. Além disso, o Galileo oferece vários novos serviços específicos, como o serviço aberto, o serviço de alta acurácia e de busca e resgate. Como o sistema Galileo está atualmente em fase final de implantação, faz-se necessário na literatura brasileira, um artigo que trate exclusivamente desse sistema, este artigo apresenta o estado da arte do sistema Galileo (julho de 2020). Resultados iniciais demonstraram que o Galileo tem acurácia comparável ao GPS, no posicionamento por ponto simples.

scholarly journals GNSS Interference Environment in Malaysia: A Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-16
Author(s):  
Ooi Wei Han ◽  
Shahrizal Ide Moslin ◽  
Wan Aminullah
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
Space Technology ◽  
Local Study ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Significant Interference

Global Navigation Satellite Systems or GNSS is a space technology that has become an essential element nowadays for positioning, navigation & timing (PNT) with wide range of applications in many civilian sectors as well as across military. The reliability, accuracy and availability of GNSS are highly important especially for critical and precise positioning applications. However, the signals from space are weak and it can be easily blocked, disrupted or compromised by several other threats including intentional and unintentional interferences or jamming. GPS jammer is widely available off the shelf with an affordable price and capable of interfering the GPS signal, and many authorities worldwide have raised concerns and a lot of efforts and research have been put in place to reduce and mitigate the threats. In Malaysia, understanding and countering threats to GNSS/GPS based applications will be a new and unfamiliar discipline for public and organizations. This study intended to provide an overview of the GNSS interferences environment in a local study area, in terms of interference type and the number of activity pattern that were detected. A system called Detector V1 has been used in this study. The result showed that significant interference cases happened in the study area and some of the high power interferences may impact GNSS tracking and precision of the positioning output. The role objective of having this done is to create a public awareness regarding the threat of GNSS interferences to the local users. The content also includes the proposed initiative to overcome the issue.

scholarly journals Dst Index as a Potential Indicator of Approaching GNSS Performance Deterioration

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Filjar ◽  
Serdjo Kos ◽  
Siniša Krajnovic
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
Ionospheric Storm ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Dst Index ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Potential Indicator ◽  
Performance Deterioration ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

Space weather disturbances cause considerable effects on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) performance and operation, affecting society and the economy due to the growing reliance on GNSS, especially in densely populated mid-latitudes. Recent studies hypothesised potential utilisation of the Disturbance storm-time (Dst) index for indication of an approaching ionospheric storm and possible deterioration of the GNSS positioning performance. We challenged the hypothesis in the case of the Halloween 2003 event in an attempt to confirm the direct correlation between the Dst index dynamics and the Global Positioning System (GPS) positioning performance in the mid-latitude Mediterranean area. Our results provide no evidence of the direct Dst-GNSS performance correlation for the observed event.

GNSS Positioning Enhancement Based on NLOS Multipath Biases Estimation Using Gaussian Mixture Noise

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guermah Bassma ◽  
Sadiki Tayeb ◽  
El Ghazi Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Em Algorithm ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Gaussian Mixture ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Non Line Of Sight

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) have been widely used in many applications where positioning plays an important role. However, the performances of these applications can be degraded in urban canyons, due to Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) and Multipath interference affecting GNSS signals. In order to ensure high accuracy positioning, this article proposes to model the NLOS and Multipath biases by Gaussian Mixture noise using Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm. In this context, an approach to estimate the Multipath and NLOS biases for real time positioning is presented and statistical tests for searching the probability distribution of NLOS and Multipath biases are illustrated. Furthermore, a hybrid approach based on PF (Particle Filter) and EM algorithm for estimating user position in hard environment is presented. Using real GPS (Global Positioning System) signal, the efficiency of the proposed approach is shown, and a significant improvement of the positioning accuracy over the simple PF estimation is obtained.

scholarly journals Comparison of GNSS integrated water vapor and NWM reanalysis data over Central and South America

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Isabel Fernández ◽  
Amalia Margarita Meza ◽  
María Paula Natali ◽  
Clara Eugenia Bianchi
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
South America ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
Critical Height ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Analysis Models

Abstract. We compared and analyzed data of vertically Integrated Water Vapor (IWV) from two different re-analysis models (ERA-Interim from ECMWF and MERRA-2 from NASA's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office) with respect to IWV values from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) at 53 stations of Central and South America during the 7-year period from January 2007 till December 2013. The comparison was performed taking into account the geopotential height differences between each GNSS station and the correspondent values assigned by the models. Thus, the set of GNSS stations was divided into 3 groups: Small, Large and Critical height difference stations. Moreover, the performance of the re-analysis models was also analyzed by using an additional classification of three levels according to the mean IWV (IWV) value expected at the station: IWV > 30 kg m−2, 12 kg m−2 ⩽ IWV ⩽ 30 kg m−2 and IWV 

scholarly journals The Snow-Friction of Freestyle Skis and Snowboards Predicted From Snow Physical Quantities

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Wolfsperger ◽  
Frédéric Meyer ◽  
Matthias Gilgien
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Snow Conditions ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Physical Quantities

Previous research has shown that friction between ski and snow can vary substantially due to changes in snow conditions. The variation of friction affects the speed a freestyle skier or snowboarder (athlete) reaches during the in-run of a jump. Athletes risk severe injuries if their take-off speed is not within the right margin to land in the “sweet spot” zone. To reduce the risk of injury, snow park designers and competition managers need to calculate the speed athletes reach during the in-run. However, despite multiple attempts over the last decades, to date no model can predict ski-snow friction from snow physical quantities. Hence, simulations of in-run speeds suffer from insufficient validity. For the first time, this work combines kinematic athlete data and comprehensive snow surface measurements to infer the coefficient of friction of freestyle skis and snowboards across a wide range of snow conditions. Athletes’ point mass kinematics were recorded at more than 200 straight gliding runs with differential global navigation satellite systems. The subjects’ air drag and lift were deployed from wind tunnel measurements. Along with the kinematic data and data from wind measurements, a mechanical model of the athlete was established to solve the equation of motion for the coefficient of friction between ski/snowboard and snow. The friction coefficients for ski (snowboard) ranged from 0.023 ± 0.006 (0.026 ± 0.008) to 0.139 ± 0.018 (0.143 ± 0.017) and could be explained well (Radj2 = 0.77) from the measured snow parameters using a multivariate statistical model. Our results provide a new quantitative tool for practitioners to predict the friction of skis and snowboard on snow of various conditions, which aims to increase athletes’ safety in slopestyle and big air.

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