Next Generation Networks

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohan Kariyawasam
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Capacity Building ◽  
Digital Divide ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Next Generation Networks ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Clear Definition ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Definition Of

At present there is no one definition of the term ‘International Digital Divide’. It is often defined in different ways, but nevertheless, factors that influence its definition include access to telecommunication lines, the ratio of internet hosts to GDP, and the level of development of the human capital base. The lack of a clear definition will have knock-on effects in the loan documentation of aid agencies involved in infrastructure development and capacity building. However, a clear definition of the divide could help to focus and better target the necessary investment to help address the inequalities the divide attempts to capture, particularly with the rollout of NGNs. This paper attempts to (a) provide a brief overview on the rise and structure of the internet and evolution to Next Generation Networks, (b) set out basic indicators of the Digital Divide and clarify the significance of these linkages, and (c) to review various definitions of the Digital Divide available in current literature so as to arrive at one new overriding definition.

Next Generation Networks

2012 ◽  
pp. 184-204
Author(s):  
Rohan Kariyawasam
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Capacity Building ◽  
Digital Divide ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Next Generation Networks ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Clear Definition ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Definition Of

At present there is no one definition of the term ‘International Digital Divide’. It is often defined in different ways, but nevertheless, factors that influence its definition include access to telecommunication lines, the ratio of internet hosts to GDP, and the level of development of the human capital base. The lack of a clear definition will have knock-on effects in the loan documentation of aid agencies involved in infrastructure development and capacity building. However, a clear definition of the divide could help to focus and better target the necessary investment to help address the inequalities the divide attempts to capture, particularly with the rollout of NGNs. This paper attempts to (a) provide a brief overview on the rise and structure of the internet and evolution to Next Generation Networks, (b) set out basic indicators of the Digital Divide and clarify the significance of these linkages, and (c) to review various definitions of the Digital Divide available in current literature so as to arrive at one new overriding definition.

scholarly journals Ecuador, the Digital Divide and Small Tourism Enterprises

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stan Karanasios
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Digital Divide ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Tourism Enterprises

This article explores the digital divide from the perspective of Ecuadorian small tourism enterprises. Ecuador’s ICT environment has been described as underdeveloped, obsolete, and expensive to use. There is also a serious shortage of ICT related human capital. Given these stumbling blocks, this article seeks to identify how small tourism operators have managed to adopt the Internet. Adopting a qualitative approach, field interviews were conducted with tourism enterprises across rural, semi-rural, and metropolitan areas of Ecuador. This article adds to our understanding of the digital divide, especially from the point of view of small tourism enterprises, and serves as an example to other small tourism enterprises in developing countries seeking to adopt the Internet.

scholarly journals Accessing e-government: challenges for citizens and organizations

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anni Dugdale ◽  
Anne Daly ◽  
Franco Papandrea ◽  
Maria Maley
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Digital Divide ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Human Capital Development ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Marginalized Communities ◽  
Government Services ◽  
Online Technologies ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Capital Development

The Internet is becoming more integral to governments and their modes of doing business and delivering services. This is creating a new imperative to address the digital divide. In Australia, as shown in this article, citizens who are the biggest users of government services are the least likely to be connected to the internet. What can be done to connect the unconnected? The article explores what has been learned from some of the Australian initiatives for connecting the unconnected to online government services. It concludes that greater attention to community-based human capital development is needed. It gives examples of factors needed for success in building socially marginalized communities’ interest, enthusiasm and capacity to interact and communicate via online technologies, thereby contributing to how successful e-government can be in delivering gains in efficiency and improved services.

scholarly journals Mathematical Model of Analysis and Optimal Harmonisation of Data for Preparation of Broadband Infrastructure Development Project in the Republic of Croatia: Contribution to Achieving Objectives of the Digital Agenda for Europe

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Matej Požarnik ◽  
Tea Taras ◽  
Aleš Kranjec ◽  
Lea Robič Mohar
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Data Harmonization ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level

Next Generation Access projects of developing broadband infrastructure, co-financed by the EU, require preparation and implementation of complex preparatory actions that are crucial for their successful implementation. Their implementation within member states contributes directly to achieving goals, defined in the Digital agenda for Europe. Preparation work on projects requires complex analyses and processing of governmental data on potential users of the new network. A mathematical model was developed within this study. Also, the Optimal Data Harmonization algorithm was developed, which incorporates the pointed mathematical model. Large amounts of projects’ input data were also processed with the Optimal Data Harmonization algorithm. Research showed that data processing without Optimal Data Harmonization algorithm is the key reason for inadequate preparation of the project because of imprecise definition of numbers and geolocations of potential users. Without applying such model, projects don’t achieve the target coverage of broadband infrastructure of the next generation access and therefore don’t contribute to the Digital agenda for Europe goals. Processing data with Optimal Data Harmonization algorithm, which is a beyond the state-of-the-art model, ensures a high-level harmonisation of national data. With these results, one can provide optimal coverage of eligible potential beneficiaries in the project. Projects in which data were processed with the Optimal Data Harmonization algorithm contribute to reaching the Digital agenda for Europe goals. The study also recommends the establishment of national central database of geolocations of the potential beneficiaries, as it would standardize the input data in all future projects.

scholarly journals Ways of expressing verbal agression in chinese

2021 ◽  
pp. e021061
Author(s):  
Svetlana Yuryevna Glushkova ◽  
Adelya Aidarovna Mukhametzyanova
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Clear Definition ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Definition Of

From the early childhood, people hear and learn impolite utterance and use it in a situated context. This article suggests the study of the phenomenon of ‘impolitenesses in Chinese language, about why and when people use impoliteness words. From the early childhood, we hear obscene language or impolite statements in the direction of a person, situation, or some things. The article deals with statements that have an addressee and a listener. With the help of certain strategies that will be analyzed, the person attempts to influence on the other. In turn, statements are divided into certain categories, have their own nuances and frequency of use. The Chinese language is no exception. The frequency of using obscene language in Chinese is increasing dramatically, which is partly due to the widespread use of social networks and the Internet in general. People have the opportunity to write literature without censorship, to post angry comments under news and records, since it is possible to do this anonymously. We will analyze different kinds of Chinese obscene language, its types, usage contexts, etc. In addition, we will try to give a clear definition of ‘impoliteness’ that combines all previous existing ones. We hope that this work will help in understanding the goals of verbal ‘impoliteness’, its specific points and ways of interpretation in writing, with the examples like comments and literary statements.

ICT Usage in Sub-Saharan Africa

2011 ◽  
pp. 786-792
Author(s):  
Vashti Galpin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Digital Divide ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Broad Definition ◽  
Success Stories ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Definition Of

Given the circumstances of women’s lives in sub-Saharan Africa, it may appear that information and communication technologies (ICTs) are only for wealthy, well-educated, urbanized women with time to use them, and that they are irrelevant for other women in sub-Saharan Africa. However, this is not the case: women see ICTs as providing opportunities for change, by giving them access to the information which will help improve their circumstances, as the abundant research shows (Hafkin & Taggart, 2001; Huyer & Mitter, 2003; Morna & Khan, 2000; Pacific Institute of Women’s Health [PIWH], 2002; Rathgeber & Adera, 2000). This article presents an overview of women as ICT users in sub-Saharan Africa, covering the challenges and the success stories. Since there is a large body of literature covering this area, only a representative subset is surveyed. The focus here is usage. Information technology (IT) professionals and more technological topics are considered elsewhere in this volume. Much of the literature about usage in developing countries takes a broad definition of ICTs because of the lack of the latest technologies. For example, Holmes (2004) includes computers, the Internet, mobile phones and wireless technologies as well as telephone, radio, television, print media, listening groups, and community theatre. This article will consider all electronic technologies, from computers and networking to radio and television. When considering ICTs and developing countries, the digital divide is often mentioned. This term is sometimes used specifically to refer to the Internet; for example, see DiMaggio, Hargittai, Neuman, and Robinson (2001). In line with the broad definition of ICTs given above, in this article, the term digital divide will be used to refer to inequality in access to ICTs and ability to use them. There are multiple divides: men vs. women, urban vs. rural, rich vs. poor, young vs. old, developed vs. developing. When considering developing countries, there is an underlying information divide—people do not have access to information sources they require, electronic or otherwise, due to poverty and lack of infrastructure. This is the real problem that needs to be solved—ICTs are a means to this end.

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