Studies on Mega-Pixel Cell Phone Lenses Based on Aspheric Optics

2011 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 441-444
Author(s):  
Yong Jian Zhu ◽  
Feng Jun Chen ◽  
Shao Hui Yin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Phone ◽  
Optical Design ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
Aspheric Glass Lens ◽  
Aspheric Optics ◽  
Glass Lens ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Maximum Field

According to the principle of optical design, two kinds of 2 Mega-pixel cell phone camera lenses are proposed. One is made up of three plastic (3P) lenses; the other is made up of two plastic lenses and one glass (2P1G) lens. The shapes of all lenses are aspheric. By comparison, the overall length of 2P1G lens is much less than that of 3P lens. Furthermore, in FOV the former is 5 degrees larger than the latter. At the same time, in distortion of the maximum field angle, the former is much less. The other aberrations of 2P1G lens are almost same to those of 3P lens. Therefore, in cell phone camera lens design, it’s recommended to adopt one aspheric glass lens to improve the performance and compactness though the cost will become a little higher due to the introduction of aspheric glass lens. However, the cost of aspheric glass lens could be reduced tremendously by a new cost-effective manufacturing method  compression molding technology.

scholarly journals Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Biopharmaceuticals for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis: Infliximab, Adalimumab, and Etanercept

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ahmad Gholami ◽  
Jassem Azizpoor ◽  
Elham Aflaki ◽  
Mehdi Rezaee ◽  
Khosro Keshavarz
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cost Data ◽  
Fars Province ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost

Introduction. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease that causes joint destruction. The condition imposes a significant economic burden on patients and societies. The present study is aimed at evaluating the cost-effectiveness of Infliximab, Adalimumab, and Etanercept in treating rheumatoid arthritis in Iran. Methods. This is a cost-effectiveness study of economic evaluation in which the Markov model was used. The study was carried out on 154 patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Fars province taking Infliximab, Adalimumab, and Etanercept. The patients were selected through sampling. In this study, the cost data were collected from a community perspective, and the outcomes were the mean reductions in DAS-28 and QALY. The cost data collection form and the EQ-5D questionnaire were also used to collect the required data. The results were presented in the form of an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, and the sensitivity analysis was used to measure the robustness of the study results. The TreeAge Pro and Excel softwares were used to analyze the collected data. Results. The results showed that the mean costs and the QALY rates in the Infliximab, Adalimumab, and Etanercept arms were $ 79,518.33 and 12.34, $ 91,695.59 and 13.25, and $ 87,440.92 and 11.79, respectively. The one-way sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the results. In addition, the results of the probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) indicated that on the cost-effectiveness acceptability curve, Infliximab was in the acceptance area and below the threshold in 77% of simulations. The scatter plot was in the mentioned area in 81% and 91% of simulations compared with Adalimumab and Etanercept, respectively, implying lower costs and higher effectiveness than the other two alternatives. Therefore, the strategy was more cost-effective. Conclusion. According to the results of this study, Infliximab was more cost-effective than the other two medications. Therefore, it is recommended that physicians use this medication as the priority in treating rheumatoid arthritis. It is also suggested that health policymakers consider the present study results in preparing treatment guidelines for RA.

scholarly journals Cost-effective Analysis of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Long-term Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Narrative Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 292-305
Author(s):  
Shazia Jamshed ◽  
Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula ◽  
Sheikh Muhammad Zeeshan Qadar ◽  
Umaira Alauddin ◽  
Sana Shamim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Ratio ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Step Down ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Term Management

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common gastrointestinal disorder that results from regurgitation of acid from the stomach into the esophagus. Treatment available for GERD includes lifestyle changes, antacids, histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs), proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and anti-reflux surgery. Aim: The aim of this review is to assess the cost-effectiveness of the use of PPIs in the long-term management of patients with GERD. Method: We searched in PubMed to identify related original articles with close consideration based on inclusion and exclusion criteria to choose the best studies for this narrative review. The first section compares the cost-effectiveness of PPIs with H2RAs in long-term heartburn management. The other sections shall only discuss the cost-effectiveness of PPIs in 5 different strategies, namely, continuous (step-up, step-down, and maintenance), on-demand, and intermittent therapies. Results: Of 55 articles published, 10 studies published from 2000 to 2015 were included. Overall, PPIs are more effective in relieving heartburn in comparison with ranitidine. The use of PPIs in managing heartburn in long-term consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) has higher cost compared with H2RA. However, if the decision-maker is willing to pay more than US$174 788.60 per extra quality-adjusted life year (QALY), then the optimal strategy is traditional NSAID (tNSAID) and PPIs. The probability of being cost-effective was also highest for NSAID and PPI co-therapy users. On-demand PPI treatment strategy showed dominant with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of US$2197 per QALY gained and was most effective and cost saving compared with all the other treatments. The average cost-effectiveness ratio was lower for rabeprazole therapy than for ranitidine therapy. Conclusion: Our review revealed that long-term treatment with PPIs is effective but costly. To achieve long-term cost-effective approach, we recommend on-demand approach to treat heartburn symptoms, but if the symptoms persist, treatment with continuous step-down therapy should be applied.

A Framework of Cooperative Design for Aspheric Glass-Lens Mold

2010 ◽  
Vol 97-101 ◽  
pp. 2965-2969
Author(s):  
Yong Jian Zhu ◽  
Shao Hui Yin ◽  
Wei Qing Pan ◽  
Yu Feng Fan ◽  
Kun Tang
Keyword(s):  
Error Compensation ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Optical Design ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Cooperative Design ◽  
Aspheric Glass Lens ◽  
Glass Lens ◽  
Mold Fabrication ◽  
Lens Molding ◽  
Analysis Error

The lens molding technology has become a promising fabrication method for glass lens, especially for aspheric glass lens in batch. Because during the real compression molding, the error compensation for mold shape turns very difficult, the mold needs to be repaired repeatedly to meet the requirements of lens molding. To solve this problem, a cooperative design scheme is proposed. However, the scheme is not limited to solving the mold repairing; it also aims to providing the integrated and optimal design for aspheric glass-lens mold. In fact, the cooperative scheme is a collaborative software platform, which integrates with data processing, optical design, finite element analysis, error compensation and mechanical design for lens molding. On this platform, users only need to submit the (camera) lens parameters or measured data of aspheric lens, and then the platform can provide the final mold drawings, which will be input in the CNC software of ultra-precision machine and guide the mold fabrication. Meanwhile, the cooperative platform is Network-based PDM system, so designers could remotely communicate with it and help to finish the mold design jointly. In this case, the cooperative design could tremendously improve the efficiency and accuracy of lens molding.

scholarly journals EnLightenment: High resolution smartphone microscopy as an educational and public engagement platform

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura C. Wicks ◽  
Gemma S. Cairns ◽  
Jacob Melnyk ◽  
Scott Bryce ◽  
Rory R. Duncan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Science ◽  
Public Engagement ◽  
Marine Biology ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Optical Design ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Working Distance ◽  
The Cost

We developed a simple, cost-effective smartphone microscopy platform for use in educational and public engagement programs. We demonstrated its effectiveness, and potential for citizen science through a national imaging initiative, EnLightenment. The cost effectiveness of the instrument allowed for the program to deliver over 500 microscopes to more than 100 secondary schools throughout Scotland, targeting 1000’s of 12-14 year olds. Through careful, quantified, selection of a high power, low-cost objective lens, our smartphone microscope has an imaging resolution of microns, with a working distance of 3 mm. It is therefore capable of imaging single cells and sub-cellular features, and retains usability for young children. The microscopes were designed in kit form and provided an interdisciplinary educational tool. By providing full lesson plans and support material, we developed a framework to explore optical design, microscope performance, engineering challenges on construction and real-world applications in life sciences, biological imaging, marine biology, art, and technology. A national online imaging competition framed EnLightenment; with over 500 high quality images submitted of diverse content, spanning multiple disciplines. With examples of cellular and sub-cellular features clearly identifiable in some submissions, we show how young public can use these instruments for research-level imaging applications, and the potential of the instrument for citizen science programs.

Design of a 3D Wing Honeycomb Core Based on Origami Techniques

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuya Saito ◽  
Akinobu Fujimoto ◽  
Yoji Okabe
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Rotor Blades ◽  
Tidal Power ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
Core Thickness ◽  
Honeycomb Cores ◽  
Tidal Power Generation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
3D Wing

Honeycomb cores, which offer substantial weight reductions in design, are used in various engineering fields. For antenna reflector and rotor blade designs, Three-dimensional (3D) honeycomb cores are in considerable demand. 3D honeycombs are typically manufactured by curving or carving flat honeycombs. High associated manufacturing costs have limited their application. The authors of this paper investigated a new honeycomb design and manufacturing method called “kirigami honeycomb.” Resembling origami, kirigami honeycomb allows a single flat sheet of material with periodic slits to be folded into a honeycomb shape. Previous studies have reported successful use of this method to create various honeycomb shapes, changing only the folding line diagrams (FLDs). These previous studies have, however, considered only one-directional cross-section modifications; the core thickness and curvature changed in only the W-direction. This study proposes a new method that will support complex 3D double-curved honeycomb designs made from single flat sheets. A newly defined crease pattern conversion method provides arbitrary scaling of the honeycomb shape in the L-direction. The combined FLD and pattern conversion design methods encourage the cost-effective manufacture of 3D wing shaped honeycombs from single flat paper sheets. Wind or tidal power generation industries that use rotor blades could benefit from this design.

Mobile Health and Telemedicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-96
Author(s):  
Alice Etim ◽  
David N. Etim ◽  
Jasmine Scott
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Health ◽  
Affordable Care Act ◽  
Health Informatics ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Healthcare Delivery ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Black Colleges ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Cost

In 2016, the U.S. Government health expenditures reached $3.35 trillion and the cost per person stood at $10,345. Health is seen as impacting both one's quality of life and finances. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) (2008 - 2016) brought the issue of cost to the forefront for all people especially those in the health disparate communities. Advances in health informatics coupled with new approaches to healthcare delivery may hold promise for this large industry in the USA that critically needs to be cost effective in order to sustain itself. This paper reports a study that investigated importance of health, mobile health (m-Health) and telemedicine awareness along with its adoption in a health disparate community that has one of the Historical Black Colleges & Universities (HBCUs) in the country. The findings were that, all participants owned a mobile (cell) phone with smart features. Although a large number them indicated that their health was very important to them, there was lack of awareness and adoption of m-Health and telemedicine.

scholarly journals Nest protectors provide a cost-effective means of increasing breeding success in Giant Ibis Thaumatibis gigantea

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
OMALISS KEO ◽  
NIGEL J. COLLAR ◽  
WILLIAM J. SUTHERLAND
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nest Protection ◽  
Nestling Period ◽  
Predator Exclusion ◽  
Nestling Survival ◽  
Protection Devices ◽  
The Cost

SummaryA main cause of nestling loss of the ‘Critically Endangered’ Giant Ibis Thaumatibis gigantea appeared to be mammalian predation. Predator-exclusion devices were added to a randomly selected half of 52 nesting trees, with the other half acting as controls. The number of young fledged per nest was 50% higher for protected nests than control nests. Each protected nest produced almost two-thirds (0.63) of an extra chick. During the nestling period, the daily nestling survival rate was (99.9%) (equivalent to 90% survival over the nestling period) for protected nests and 99.3% (61.3% survival over the whole period) for control nests. Nest protection devices cost US$5 per tree. Each extra nestling fledged as a result of this intervention therefore cost $8. If it was also necessary to pay to locate the nests, then the cost of protecting each nest would be $140 and the cost of producing each extra chick $224. Trees with protectors added were significantly more likely to be reused in the next year than unprotected trees.

Teleconsultation: changes in technology and costs over a 12-year period

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 412-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Lamminen ◽  
Heikki Forsvik ◽  
Ville Vopio ◽  
Keijo Ruohonen
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Care Centre ◽  
Patient Travel ◽  
Conventional Alternative ◽  
The Cost

In our previous study, in 1997, we evaluated the cost of teleconsultations in a primary care centre compared with the cost of the conventional alternative, travelling to the hospital. The results showed that teleconsultations were cheaper than patient travel when the annual workload was more than 110 patients in ophthalmology and 115 patients in dermatology. Using the same method of analysis for 2009 data showed that cost savings would occur if the annual workload was 20 patients in ophthalmology and 17 patients in dermatology. The main differences between the two studies are the reduced cost of the technology (which was based on PCs in 2009) and the increased cost of staff. Both studies show that teleconsultations can be cost-effective in a relatively small health centre. The cost of technology continues to decrease, although the other costs in our break-even analysis continue to increase. However, the usability of technology continues to improve, and this will make telemedicine a more attractive alternative in the future.

Costs and Cost-Effectiveness in Eating Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Crow
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cost Modeling ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Eating Disorder Treatment ◽  
Effective Cost ◽  
Disorder Treatment ◽  
The Cost

Costs and cost-effectiveness are now well recognized as important aspects of the burdens of and treatment for eating disorders. Ample evidence indicates that, leading up to and following diagnosis, the cost burdens associated with eating disorders are high; this is true whether viewed from the perspective of a healthcare payer or from a societal perspective. On the other hand, it is important to note that studies involving cost modeling and direct cost collection in treatment have shown that treatment of eating disorders is quite cost-effective. Cost is now increasingly examined as an outcome in eating disorder treatment trials. This remains an area of great need for further research.

scholarly journals Comparative Harvesting and Threshing Cost of Paddy by Combine Harvester and Self-propelled Reaper and Thresher

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
SMS Alam ◽  
M Rashedujjaman ◽  
MM Hossain ◽  
KMD Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Region Data ◽  
Combine Harvester ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Day By Day

Harvesting is one of the major costs for rice production. Although the use of machine for harvesting rice in Bangladesh is increasing day by day and the machines are either combine harvester or reaper and thresher. Farmers of Bangladesh don’t have specific information to the choice of these machines. So to determine the cost of use of each machine, a study was conducted in Doyalsara, Bogra and Mymensingh region. Data were collected for rice in the Aman and Boro season of 2015 to determine the cost of harvesting by combine harvester and reaping and threshing by reaper and thresher. It was found for combine harvester operational cost and for carrying rice bag and straw to the plot side was Tk.10,447/ha. On the other hand, for reaper and thresher, the reaping, binding, carrying the rice to the plot side, threshing and cleaning required Tk.6,940/ha. The percentage of cost of combine harvester in relation to reaper and thresher for the same work is higher by 50.53%. In the socio-economic condition of Bangladeshi farmers, harvesting and threshing operations done by using self-propelled reaper and close drum thresher is cost effective and reasonable.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 10(1): 133-136 2017

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