scholarly journals Comparative Harvesting and Threshing Cost of Paddy by Combine Harvester and Self-propelled Reaper and Thresher

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
SMS Alam ◽  
M Rashedujjaman ◽  
MM Hossain ◽  
KMD Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Region Data ◽  
Combine Harvester ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Day By Day

Harvesting is one of the major costs for rice production. Although the use of machine for harvesting rice in Bangladesh is increasing day by day and the machines are either combine harvester or reaper and thresher. Farmers of Bangladesh don’t have specific information to the choice of these machines. So to determine the cost of use of each machine, a study was conducted in Doyalsara, Bogra and Mymensingh region. Data were collected for rice in the Aman and Boro season of 2015 to determine the cost of harvesting by combine harvester and reaping and threshing by reaper and thresher. It was found for combine harvester operational cost and for carrying rice bag and straw to the plot side was Tk.10,447/ha. On the other hand, for reaper and thresher, the reaping, binding, carrying the rice to the plot side, threshing and cleaning required Tk.6,940/ha. The percentage of cost of combine harvester in relation to reaper and thresher for the same work is higher by 50.53%. In the socio-economic condition of Bangladeshi farmers, harvesting and threshing operations done by using self-propelled reaper and close drum thresher is cost effective and reasonable.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 10(1): 133-136 2017

scholarly journals Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Biopharmaceuticals for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis: Infliximab, Adalimumab, and Etanercept

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ahmad Gholami ◽  
Jassem Azizpoor ◽  
Elham Aflaki ◽  
Mehdi Rezaee ◽  
Khosro Keshavarz
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cost Data ◽  
Fars Province ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost

Introduction. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease that causes joint destruction. The condition imposes a significant economic burden on patients and societies. The present study is aimed at evaluating the cost-effectiveness of Infliximab, Adalimumab, and Etanercept in treating rheumatoid arthritis in Iran. Methods. This is a cost-effectiveness study of economic evaluation in which the Markov model was used. The study was carried out on 154 patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Fars province taking Infliximab, Adalimumab, and Etanercept. The patients were selected through sampling. In this study, the cost data were collected from a community perspective, and the outcomes were the mean reductions in DAS-28 and QALY. The cost data collection form and the EQ-5D questionnaire were also used to collect the required data. The results were presented in the form of an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, and the sensitivity analysis was used to measure the robustness of the study results. The TreeAge Pro and Excel softwares were used to analyze the collected data. Results. The results showed that the mean costs and the QALY rates in the Infliximab, Adalimumab, and Etanercept arms were $ 79,518.33 and 12.34, $ 91,695.59 and 13.25, and $ 87,440.92 and 11.79, respectively. The one-way sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the results. In addition, the results of the probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) indicated that on the cost-effectiveness acceptability curve, Infliximab was in the acceptance area and below the threshold in 77% of simulations. The scatter plot was in the mentioned area in 81% and 91% of simulations compared with Adalimumab and Etanercept, respectively, implying lower costs and higher effectiveness than the other two alternatives. Therefore, the strategy was more cost-effective. Conclusion. According to the results of this study, Infliximab was more cost-effective than the other two medications. Therefore, it is recommended that physicians use this medication as the priority in treating rheumatoid arthritis. It is also suggested that health policymakers consider the present study results in preparing treatment guidelines for RA.

scholarly journals Cost-effective Analysis of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Long-term Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Narrative Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 292-305
Author(s):  
Shazia Jamshed ◽  
Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula ◽  
Sheikh Muhammad Zeeshan Qadar ◽  
Umaira Alauddin ◽  
Sana Shamim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cost Effectiveness Ratio ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Step Down ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Term Management

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common gastrointestinal disorder that results from regurgitation of acid from the stomach into the esophagus. Treatment available for GERD includes lifestyle changes, antacids, histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs), proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and anti-reflux surgery. Aim: The aim of this review is to assess the cost-effectiveness of the use of PPIs in the long-term management of patients with GERD. Method: We searched in PubMed to identify related original articles with close consideration based on inclusion and exclusion criteria to choose the best studies for this narrative review. The first section compares the cost-effectiveness of PPIs with H2RAs in long-term heartburn management. The other sections shall only discuss the cost-effectiveness of PPIs in 5 different strategies, namely, continuous (step-up, step-down, and maintenance), on-demand, and intermittent therapies. Results: Of 55 articles published, 10 studies published from 2000 to 2015 were included. Overall, PPIs are more effective in relieving heartburn in comparison with ranitidine. The use of PPIs in managing heartburn in long-term consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) has higher cost compared with H2RA. However, if the decision-maker is willing to pay more than US$174 788.60 per extra quality-adjusted life year (QALY), then the optimal strategy is traditional NSAID (tNSAID) and PPIs. The probability of being cost-effective was also highest for NSAID and PPI co-therapy users. On-demand PPI treatment strategy showed dominant with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of US$2197 per QALY gained and was most effective and cost saving compared with all the other treatments. The average cost-effectiveness ratio was lower for rabeprazole therapy than for ranitidine therapy. Conclusion: Our review revealed that long-term treatment with PPIs is effective but costly. To achieve long-term cost-effective approach, we recommend on-demand approach to treat heartburn symptoms, but if the symptoms persist, treatment with continuous step-down therapy should be applied.

scholarly journals Use of Targeted Amplicon Sequencing in Peanut to Generate Allele Information on Allotetraploid Sub-Genomes

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1220
Author(s):  
Roshan Kulkarni ◽  
Ratan Chopra ◽  
Jennifer Chagoya ◽  
Charles E. Simpson ◽  
Michael R. Baring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Routine Practice ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Illumina Hiseq ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Polymorphic Snps ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
A Genome ◽  
The Cost

The use of molecular markers in plant breeding has become a routine practice, but the cost per accession can be a hindrance to the routine use of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) identification in breeding programs. In this study, we demonstrate the use of targeted re-sequencing as a proof of concept of a cost-effective approach to retrieve highly informative allele information, as well as develop a bioinformatics strategy to capture the genome-specific information of a polyploid species. SNPs were identified from alignment of raw transcriptome reads (2 × 50 bp) to a synthetic tetraploid genome using BWA followed by a GATK pipeline. Regions containing high polymorphic SNPs in both A genome and B genomes were selected as targets for the resequencing study. Targets were amplified using multiplex PCR followed by sequencing on an Illumina HiSeq. Eighty-one percent of the SNP calls in diploids and 68% of the SNP calls in tetraploids were confirmed. These results were also confirmed by KASP validation. Based on this study, we find that targeted resequencing technologies have potential for obtaining maximum allele information in allopolyploids at reduced cost.

scholarly journals Crab Fattening in Bangladesh: A Socio-economic Perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z Ferdoushi
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mud Crab ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
Negative Perception ◽  
Southwest Part

Thestudy was conducted to assess the socio-economic condition of the crab fatteners in the southwest part of Bangladesh.About 52% farmers have an experience of 5 to 10 yearsof indicating that involvement in mud crab fattening is the recent development and innovation in those areas.The Hindus in the coastal region found to have more interest in crab farming. On the other hand, about 27% Muslim were also found to involve in this farming.Comparativelyhigher involvements of Hindus farmers were found in Khulna region. Mostly young people found to have more involvement ranging from 26 to 35 years old which constituted more than 38% of the total interviewed population. About 40% farmers showedhigher satisfaction bycrab fattening while,fewfarmers reported some negative perception. Most of their farmingwere small scale and the farmers also accounted the higher seed cost with low profitability. However, well developedco-operation and partnershipbetween farmers, fishermen, middlemen and wholesaler can also improve this sector for sustainable development.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i1.22056 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 6(1): 145-152 2013

Studies on Mega-Pixel Cell Phone Lenses Based on Aspheric Optics

2011 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 441-444
Author(s):  
Yong Jian Zhu ◽  
Feng Jun Chen ◽  
Shao Hui Yin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Phone ◽  
Optical Design ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
Aspheric Glass Lens ◽  
Aspheric Optics ◽  
Glass Lens ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Maximum Field

According to the principle of optical design, two kinds of 2 Mega-pixel cell phone camera lenses are proposed. One is made up of three plastic (3P) lenses; the other is made up of two plastic lenses and one glass (2P1G) lens. The shapes of all lenses are aspheric. By comparison, the overall length of 2P1G lens is much less than that of 3P lens. Furthermore, in FOV the former is 5 degrees larger than the latter. At the same time, in distortion of the maximum field angle, the former is much less. The other aberrations of 2P1G lens are almost same to those of 3P lens. Therefore, in cell phone camera lens design, it’s recommended to adopt one aspheric glass lens to improve the performance and compactness though the cost will become a little higher due to the introduction of aspheric glass lens. However, the cost of aspheric glass lens could be reduced tremendously by a new cost-effective manufacturing method  compression molding technology.

scholarly journals Nest protectors provide a cost-effective means of increasing breeding success in Giant Ibis Thaumatibis gigantea

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
OMALISS KEO ◽  
NIGEL J. COLLAR ◽  
WILLIAM J. SUTHERLAND
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nest Protection ◽  
Nestling Period ◽  
Predator Exclusion ◽  
Nestling Survival ◽  
Protection Devices ◽  
The Cost

SummaryA main cause of nestling loss of the ‘Critically Endangered’ Giant Ibis Thaumatibis gigantea appeared to be mammalian predation. Predator-exclusion devices were added to a randomly selected half of 52 nesting trees, with the other half acting as controls. The number of young fledged per nest was 50% higher for protected nests than control nests. Each protected nest produced almost two-thirds (0.63) of an extra chick. During the nestling period, the daily nestling survival rate was (99.9%) (equivalent to 90% survival over the nestling period) for protected nests and 99.3% (61.3% survival over the whole period) for control nests. Nest protection devices cost US$5 per tree. Each extra nestling fledged as a result of this intervention therefore cost $8. If it was also necessary to pay to locate the nests, then the cost of protecting each nest would be $140 and the cost of producing each extra chick $224. Trees with protectors added were significantly more likely to be reused in the next year than unprotected trees.

Teleconsultation: changes in technology and costs over a 12-year period

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 412-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Lamminen ◽  
Heikki Forsvik ◽  
Ville Vopio ◽  
Keijo Ruohonen
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Care Centre ◽  
Patient Travel ◽  
Conventional Alternative ◽  
The Cost

In our previous study, in 1997, we evaluated the cost of teleconsultations in a primary care centre compared with the cost of the conventional alternative, travelling to the hospital. The results showed that teleconsultations were cheaper than patient travel when the annual workload was more than 110 patients in ophthalmology and 115 patients in dermatology. Using the same method of analysis for 2009 data showed that cost savings would occur if the annual workload was 20 patients in ophthalmology and 17 patients in dermatology. The main differences between the two studies are the reduced cost of the technology (which was based on PCs in 2009) and the increased cost of staff. Both studies show that teleconsultations can be cost-effective in a relatively small health centre. The cost of technology continues to decrease, although the other costs in our break-even analysis continue to increase. However, the usability of technology continues to improve, and this will make telemedicine a more attractive alternative in the future.

Costs and Cost-Effectiveness in Eating Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Crow
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cost Modeling ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Eating Disorder Treatment ◽  
Effective Cost ◽  
Disorder Treatment ◽  
The Cost

Costs and cost-effectiveness are now well recognized as important aspects of the burdens of and treatment for eating disorders. Ample evidence indicates that, leading up to and following diagnosis, the cost burdens associated with eating disorders are high; this is true whether viewed from the perspective of a healthcare payer or from a societal perspective. On the other hand, it is important to note that studies involving cost modeling and direct cost collection in treatment have shown that treatment of eating disorders is quite cost-effective. Cost is now increasingly examined as an outcome in eating disorder treatment trials. This remains an area of great need for further research.

Costs and Cost-Effectiveness in Eating Disorders

2010 ◽  
pp. 451-485
Author(s):  
Scott J. Crow ◽  
Nicholas Smiley
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cost Modeling ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Care Payer ◽  
National Perspective ◽  
The Cost

Costs and cost-effectiveness are now well recognized as important aspects of the burdens of and treatment for eating disorders. Ample evidence indicates that the cost burdens associated with eating disorders are high; this is true whether viewed from the perspective of a health care payer or from a national perspective. On the other hand, it is important to note that studies involving cost modeling and direct cost collection in treatment have shown that eating disorders treatment is quite cost-effective. This is an area of great need for further research.

scholarly journals Exploring Attitudes toward Ecology through Documentaries

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 124-136
Author(s):  
Yanlin Li ◽  
Mingfeng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
World Economy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Appraisal Theory ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Over Exploitation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Practical Implications

The expanding development of the world economy has triggered various approaches to address the impending environmental problems, among which documentary serves as one of the most effective and attractive ways to cultivate eco-harmony awareness. This article aims to probe how attitudinal resources are being distributed and what Sino-British ideologies have conveyed in the Chinese documentary, Wild China, and the British documentary, Climate Change: The Facts, under the framework of appraisal theory with the help of UAM CorpusTool 3.3. The results from this study indicate that Wild China tends to employ more dis/inclination resources to show that China is willful to collaborate with other countries for environmental protection. On the other hand, the United Kingdom (UK) tends to adopt dis/satisfaction resources to explicitly or implicitly convey their disagreement with the promotion of the economy under the cost of the environment. The appraisal resources employed by both documentaries convey the ideology of opposing humans’ over-exploitation of natural resources. The findings of this study have both theoretical and practical implications in enriching the application of appraisal theory on the analysis of ecological discourse and further encourage the world to take action in order to prevent the over-exploitation of natural resources.

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