Aluminium Surface Grain Size Analysis on RIE Treatment

2013 ◽  
Vol 404 ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaliman Sauli ◽  
Vithyacharan Retnasamy ◽  
Fairul Afzal Ahmad Fuad ◽  
Phaklen Ehkan ◽  
Moganraj Palianysamy ◽  
...  

Reactive Ion Etch (RIE) has been an important process in the world of microelectronic fabrication. Focus of this preliminary study is on how RIE affects the grain size of aluminum film which is fabricated on substrates. RIE parameters are varied to obtain 16 different recipes which are done using Design of Experiment. Grain size of the samples is recorded for all 16 samples before and after RIE treatment. This produces results that can be compared to obtain the effect of RIE on the aluminum film. Results show that RIE affects the mean grain size of the aluminum film as it increases after RIE treatment.

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 02008
Author(s):  
Risandi Dwirama Putra ◽  
Tri Apriadi ◽  
Ani Suryanti ◽  
Henky Irawan ◽  
Tengku Said Raja'I ◽  
...  

Bauxite production and exploration give negative impact environmental modification and increasing concern pollution of heavy metals. One of an alternative to reduce the negative impact of bauxite post-mining production is by re-utilizing the abandoned bauxite land and necessary exploratory study to obtain the current environmental conditions primarily related to heavy metals in bauxite mining area. Soil and water quality samples from 5 (five) sites based on post-mining activities were used to determine concentration heavy metals of As, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu from different soil level. They were also collected for grain size analysis including those of sand and mud percentages along with the mean, and sorting analysis. The mean grain size post-mining bauxite ranged between very fine sand to medium sand and had heterogeneous texture. The coarse grain size percentage increased towards the bottom of the soil. Total heavy metal contents for post-mining bauxite soils are 0,081 ppm, 0,245 to 0,471 ppm and 0,007 ppm for As, Pb and Cd respectively. Heavy metals for Cd, uniformly at every depth from soil level. On the other hand, Pb showed significance pattern, it was indicated every depth from soil level, the concentration of Pb was different.


Author(s):  
Fernando Alvim VEIGA ◽  
Rodolfo José ANGULO ◽  
Eduardo MARONE ◽  
Frederico Pereira BRANDINI

O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar os sedimentos da plataforma continental interna paranaense entre as profundidades de 5 a 15 m entre os estuários de Guaratuba, ao sul e Paranaguá, ao norte da área de estudo. Informações batimétricas, análises granulométricas e determinação de teores de carbonato e matéria orgânica de amostras de sedimentos de fundo permitiram a geração dos mapas temáticos. Observou-se uma grande predominância de areia fina, porém a média granulométrica dos sedimentos varia do silte grosso até a areia grossa. Foram identificados cinco padrões distintos de sedimentos na área estudada: i) as areias fina e muito fina do delta de maré vazante associado à desembocadura sul do Complexo Estuarino de Paranaguá; ii) as areias muito finas bimodais, com teores de finos entre 10 e 40 %, localizadas próximas à costa, iii) as areias média e grossa unimodais; iv) as areias finas na faixa dos 10 a 15 m de profundidade, unimodais menos selecionadas que as areias finas do delta de maré vazante; v) as areias finas a muito finas das barras do início da zona de arrebentação. SHOREFACE SEDIMENTOLOGY AT PARANÁ MIDDLE COAST Abstract The aim of this work aims at knowing the shallow inner continental shelf between 5 and 15 m water depths of the State of Paraná between the Guaratuba (south) and Paranaguá (north) estuaries. Bathymetric data, grain size analysis and carbonate and organic matter rates of bottom sediments samples allowed to make thematic charts of this deposicional environment. The predominance of fine sand is quite large; despite the mean grain size of the samples varies (coarse silt to coarse sand). It was identified five different sediment patterns at the study area: i) fine and very fine sands of the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex south mouth tide delta; ii) bimodal very fine sand with 10 to 40% rates of silt and clay that occurs near the coastline between 5 and 10 m water depths; iii) unimodal medium and coarse sand sediments; iv) fine sand sediments between 10 and 15 m water depths, unimodal but different from the delta fine sands because the distributions in more Ø intervals; v) fine and very fine sands of the beach braking bars zone.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2086
Author(s):  
LEILANHE ALMEIDA RANIERI ◽  
Maâmar El-Robrini

Este artigo buscou analisar os efeitos dinâmicos da sazonalidade climática sobre a morfologia e sedimentação de praias oceânicas da Amazônia durante as estações chuvosa e menos chuvosa. A importância deste estudo foi demonstrar um comportamento deposicional de sedimentos nestas praias de uma estação climática à outra. A metodologia consistiu em perfilagem topográfica nas praias dos setores: oeste (Corvina e Maçarico), central (Farol Velho) e leste (Atalaia) de Salinópolis (PA), amostragem de sedimentos, análise granulométrica com aplicação de parâmetros estatísticos e medições de altura e período de ondas. O diâmetro médio dos sedimentos consistiu predominantemente de areia fina (2,6 a 2,8 phi), muito bem a bem selecionada (0,2 a 0,5). A assimetria variou, principalmente, entre positiva (0,10 a 0,30) e aproximadamente simétrica (-0,10 a 0,10). O grau de curtose entre muito platicúrtica (<0,67) a muito leptocúrtica (1,50 a 3,00). As alturas de ondas foram mais elevadas no setor leste (máximo de 1,05 m) e períodos de ondas foram mais curtos (< 4,5 s) no setor oeste. As praias apresentaram declives suaves (< 1,5°) e grandes variações na largura entre as estações do ano (9,6 a 88,4 m). Predominou o estado morfodinâmico dissipativo (Ω>5,5), mas com ocorrência do estado de banco e calha longitudinais (4,7<Ω<5,5) no setor oeste. Foi observada acreção sedimentar da estação chuvosa a menos chuvosa em todas as praias. O transporte transversal de sedimentos foi elevado, especialmente no sentido onshore (máximo: 11x10-3 kg/s/m, setor leste). No setor central foi baixo (mínimo: 0,72x10-3 kg/s/m), favorecendo tendências erosivas neste local. Morphology and Sedimentation in Ocean Beaches in the Eastern Amazon during the Annual Rain Variation A B S T R A C TThis paper aimed to analyze the dynamic effects of climatic seasonality on the morphology and sedimentation of oceanic beaches in the Amazon during the rainy and less rainy seasons. The importance of this study was to demonstrate a depositional behavior of sediments on these beaches from one climatic season to another. The methodology consisted of topographic profiling on the beaches of the sectors: west (Corvina and Maçarico), central (Farol Velho) and east (Atalaia) of Salinópolis (PA), sediment sampling, grain-size analysis with application of statistical parameters and measurements of height and wave period. The mean diameter of the sediments consisted predominantly of fine sand (2.6 to 2.8 phi), well sorted and very well sorted (0.2 to 0.5). The asymmetry varied, mainly, between positive (0.10 to 0.30) and nearly symmetrical (-0.10 to 0.10). The degree of kurtosis between very platykurtic (<0.67) to very leptokurtic (1.50 to 3.00). The wave heights were higher on the eastern sector (maximum 1.05 m) and wave periods were shorter (<4.5 s) on the western sector. The beaches presented smooth slopes (<1.5°) and great variations in width between the seasons (9.6 to 88.4 m). The dissipative morphodynamic state (Ω > 5.5) predominated, but with the occurrence of the longshore bar and trough (4.7 < Ω <5.5) in the western sector. Sedimentary accretion from the rainy to less rainy season was observed on all beaches. Cross-shore sediment transport was high, especially in the onshore (maximum: 11x10-3 kg.s-1.m-1, east sector). In the central sector it was low (minimum: 0.72x10-3 kg.s-1.m-1), favoring erosive trends in this location.Keywords: Beach, Morphodynamic, Grain-Size, Amazon.


Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Srećko Bevandić ◽  
Rosie Blannin ◽  
Jacqueline Vander Auwera ◽  
Nicolas Delmelle ◽  
David Caterina ◽  
...  

Mine wastes and tailings derived from historical processing may contain significant contents of valuable metals due to processing being less efficient in the past. The Plombières tailings pond in eastern Belgium was selected as a case study to determine mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of the different mine waste materials found at the site. Four types of material were classified: soil, metallurgical waste, brown tailings and yellow tailings. The distribution of the mine wastes was investigated with drill holes, pit-holes and geophysical methods. Samples of the materials were assessed with grain size analysis, and mineralogical and geochemical techniques. The mine wastes dominantly consist of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3. The cover material, comprising soil and metallurgical waste is highly heterogeneous in terms of mineralogy, geochemistry and grain size. The metallurgical waste has a high concentration of metals (Zn: 0.1 to 24 wt.% and Pb: 0.1 to 10.1 wt.%). In the tailings materials, Pb and Zn vary from 10 ppm to 8.5 wt.% and from 51 ppm to 4 wt.%, respectively. The mining wastes comprises mainly quartz, amorphous phases and phyllosilicates, with minor contents of Fe-oxide and Pb- and Zn-bearing minerals. Based on the mineralogical and geochemical properties, the different potential applications of the four waste material types were determined. Additionally, the theoretical economic potential of Pb and Zn in the mine wastes was estimated.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2799
Author(s):  
Yanping Chen ◽  
Wenzhe Lyu ◽  
Tengfei Fu ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Liang Yi

The Huanghe River (Yellow River) is the most sediment laden river system in the world, and many efforts have been conducted to understand modern deltaic evolution in response to anthropological impacts. However, the natural background and its linkage to climatic changes are less documented in previous studies. In this work, we studied the sediments of core YDZ–3 and marine surface samples by grain-size analysis to retrieve Holocene dynamics of the Huanghe River delta in detail. The main findings are as follows: The mean value of sediment grain size of the studied core is 5.5 ± 0.9 Φ, and silt and sand contents are 5.2 ± 2.3% and 8.2 ± 5.3%, respectively, while the variance of clay particles is relatively large with an average value of 86.4 ± 8.5%. All grain-size data can be mathematically partitioned by a Weibull-based function formula, and three subgroups were identified with modal sizes of 61.1 ± 28.9 μm, 30.0 ± 23.9 μm, and 2.8 ± 1.6 μm, respectively. There are eight intervals with abrupt changes in modal size of core YDZ–3, which can be correlated to paleo-superlobe migration of the Huanghe River in the Holocene. Based on these observations, the presence of seven superlobes in the history are confirmed for the first time and their ages are well constrained in this study, including Paleo-Superlobes Lijin (6400–5280 yr BP), Huanghua (4480–4190 yr BP), Jugezhuang (3880–3660 yr BP), Shajinzi (3070–2870 yr BP), Nigu (2780–2360 yr BP), Qikou (2140–2000 yr BP), and Kenli (1940–1780 and 1700–1650 yr BP). By tuning geomorphological events to a sedimentary proxy derived from core YDZ–3 and comparing to various paleoenvironmental changes, we proposed that winter climate dominated Holocene shifts of the Huanghe River delta on millennial timescales, while summer monsoons controlled deltaic evolution on centennial timescales.


2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (19) ◽  
pp. 11237-11247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Pötschke ◽  
Manisha Dahal ◽  
Mathias Herrmann ◽  
Anne Vornberger ◽  
Björn Matthey ◽  
...  

AbstractDense (Hf, Ta, Nb, Ti, V)C- and (Ta, Nb, Ti, V, W)C-based high-entropy carbides (HEC) were produced by three different sintering techniques: gas pressure sintering/sinter–HIP at 1900 °C and 100 bar Ar, vacuum sintering at 2250 °C and 0.001 bar as well as SPS/FAST at 2000 °C and 60 MPa pressure. The relative density varied from 97.9 to 100%, with SPS producing 100% dense samples with both compositions. Grain size measurements showed that the substitution of Hf with W leads to an increase in the mean grain size of 5–10 times the size of the (Hf, Ta, Nb, Ti, V,)C samples. Vacuum-sintered samples showed uniform grain size distribution regardless of composition. EDS mapping revealed the formation of a solid solution with no intermetallic phases or element clustering. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the structure of mostly single-phase cubic high-entropy carbides. Hardness measurements revealed that (Hf, Ta, Nb, Ti, V)C samples possess higher hardness values than (Ta, Nb, Ti, V, W)C samples.


1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. C. Hogg ◽  
Alan W. Mitchell ◽  
Susan Young

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