Surface Morphology Study: Effect of Electrolyte pH on the Electrodeposited Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) Solder Alloy

2014 ◽  
Vol 575 ◽  
pp. 481-485
Author(s):  
Sakinah Mohd Yusof ◽  
Junaidah Jai ◽  
Md Amin Hashim ◽  
Roslina Ismail ◽  
Abdul Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Methane Sulphonate ◽  
Sulfate Salts ◽  
Sac Solder ◽  
Electrolyte Ph ◽  
Morphological Patterns

pH control is significant in electrodeposition because they affect the characteristics of electrolyte and the deposit. This paper mainly analyses the processing conditions of electrolyte pH value on the electrodeposited SAC. Sn2+ ions will be obtained from the tin methane sulphonate acid while the Cu2+ and Ag+ ions will be obtained from their respective sulfate salts. Ammonium acetate helps in raising the pH of the bath. The FESEM analysis was carried out to examine the morphology of the electrodeposited nanocomposites. A variety of morphological patterns for the electrodeposits with different electrolyte pH is obtained. At low pH (2) electrolyte value, the electrodeposits show a very poor quality with rough surface. With increasing pH value (2.5), the averaged grain sizes decreased. The surfaces of the films electrodeposited at this pH value are generally quite smooth, uniform and compact. Later increment of pH values (3~4) has lead to the formation of porous and non-uniform electrodeposits. From the study, it is possible to observe that, even with the same composition, the deposits have different morphologies under different controlled parameter.

STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF ANEMIA IN GERIATRIC PATIENTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-31
Author(s):  
Greeshma C.G ◽  
Vidhya Subramanian ◽  
Sahayaraj J
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Population ◽  
Geriatric Patients ◽  
Morphological Type ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Geriatric Population ◽  
Normocytic Normochromic Anemia ◽  
Normochromic Anemia ◽  
Proper Diagnosis ◽  
Morphological Patterns

INTRODUCTION:Anemia in elderly population is a frequently diagnosed problem and if it is untreated ,it can lead to impaired functional capacity, poor quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality. In view of high prevelance of anemia in geriatric population,the study was conducted to evaluate the morphological patterns of anemia in elderly population. METHODS:A Prospective observational study was conducted on 100 geriatric patients above 60 years of age,for a period of 3 months.Routine haematological investigations and peripheral smear study was done. RESULTS: In the present study, females were found to be more affected than males and patients in the age group of 60-69 years were affected the most. Normocytic normochromic anemia was the most common morphological type of anemia observed. CONCLUSION: Despite recent diagnostic advances, geriatric anemia remains under reported and inadequately investigated. Determining the morphological type of anemia can help in nding out the etiology and there by aid in proper diagnosis and better patient management.

Enhanced Cyclability of Organic Aqueous Redox Flow Battery by Control of Electrolyte pH Value

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1301-1303
Author(s):  
Xu Junhui ◽  
Wu Yi ◽  
Wang Hui ◽  
Dan Li ◽  
Liuping Chen
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Redox Flow Battery ◽  
Flow Battery ◽  
Electrolyte Ph

scholarly journals Model-Free Adaptive Control of pH Value of Wet Desulfurization Slurry under Switching of Multiple Working Conditions

Complexity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Jian Liu ◽  
Xiaoli Li ◽  
Jihan Li ◽  
Kang Wang ◽  
Fuqiang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Control ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Flue Gas Desulfurization ◽  
System Parameters ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Desulfurization Process ◽  
Adaptive Control Algorithm

In limestone-gypsum wet flue gas desulfurization process, the change process of pH value of slurry in absorption tower is a typical nonlinear system with time delay and various uncertainties, so it is difficult to establish an accurate mathematical model of slurry pH control process. According to the pH control process of the slurry of wet flue gas desulfurization process, a model-free adaptive control algorithm based on compact form dynamic linearization (CFDL-MFAC) is designed to realize the tracking control of the pH value of the slurry. Due to various interference factors in the pH control process of slurry in absorption tower, it is easy to cause jump change of control system parameters and even structure. Therefore, a model-free adaptive control algorithm based on switching strategy is proposed in this paper. According to different working conditions, several model-free adaptive controllers are established. The stability of the algorithm is analyzed for the two cases of fixed system parameters and jumping system parameters. It was found that the model-free adaptive controller based on the switching strategy can switch multiple controllers under the condition of system parameter jump, so as to realize the fast tracking control of the slurry pH value of the system absorption tower under different working conditions. Through this method, the overshoot can be reduced and the control quality can be improved.

Effect of Ammonium Acetate on the Properties of Chemical Bath Deposited CdS Films

2014 ◽  
Vol 1630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abeer A. Al-Yafeai ◽  
Sovannary Phok ◽  
Sahar A. Al-Shaibani ◽  
Shifaa M. Al-Baity ◽  
Esmaeel M. Al-Hammadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Cadmium Acetate ◽  
Hexagonal Structure ◽  
Bath Solution ◽  
Electron Probe Micro Analyzer ◽  
Cds Thin Films ◽  
Cds Films

ABSTRACTThis investigation is a comprehensive study of the effect of ammonium acetate on the electrical, optical, morphology and microstructure of CdS thin films grown by Chemical Bath Deposition method (CBD). Two sets of CdS thin films (A and B) were deposited on glass substrates at 60°C for 60 min. The films were deposited using chemical bath solution that consists of cadmium acetate, ammonium hydroxide, and thiourea. However, ammonium acetate was added into the chemical bath used to deposit set (B), where ammonium acetate was eliminated from bath solution used to deposit set (A). The films’ morphology was examined by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), whereas, the chemical composition was investigated by Electron Probe Micro-Analyzer (EPMA). The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) θ/2θ technique was applied to study the structure of the films. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the average surface roughness of the films, and Dektak Profilometer was used to determine the CdS films thickness. The optical and electrical properties for the films were determined using UV-Vis-NIR Spectrometer, and the Hall Effect technique, respectively. The highest carrier mobility was obtained for the films deposited in an ammonium acetate free bath. However, both films were polycrystalline with hexagonal structure exhibiting a tendency toward <002> texture, that increase with increasing the pH value of the chemical bath.

Electrodeposition of Copper-Indium-Diselenide (CuInSe2) Thin Films

2011 ◽  
Vol 214 ◽  
pp. 378-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Jer Jeng ◽  
Wen Kai Lei
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Selenium Dioxide ◽  
Indium Content ◽  
Atomic Ratio ◽  
Complexing Agents ◽  
Complexing Agent ◽  
Deposition Parameters ◽  
Copper Indium ◽  
Electrolyte Ph

The electrodeposited CuInSe2 films were investigated in this paper. The deposition parameters of various solution concentrations, applied potential, pH value and complexing agent were examined to characterize film quality. The electrolyte solution was formed by mixing an appropriate proportion of copper sulfate, indium sulfate and selenium dioxide. Sodium citrate was used as complexing agent. Citric and sulfuric acids were used for adjusting electrolyte pH value. The experimental results revealed that the deposited and annealed CIS films have an atomic ratio of [Cu]：[In]：[Se] = 26.94：26.74：46.31. It is near to the stoichiometry of an atomic ratio ([Cu]：[In]：[Se] = 1：1：2). Unfortunately, this film has a poor adhesion problem. In order to overcome the adhesion problem, the triethanolamine and sodium dodecyl sulfate are used as complexing agents and wetting agents, respectively. A good adhesion was obtained. However, these additives result in a shortcoming of insufficient indium content in the formation film.

scholarly journals The Analysis of pH Performance for Equalization Detention Time Design Case Study : WWTP2 PT. Jababeka Infrastruktur

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Rizka Dwi Apriliani
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Settling Tank ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Detention Time ◽  
Unit Process ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Design Case Study

<strong>Abstract. </strong>PT. Jababeka Infrastruktur is a subsidiary company of PT. Jababeka Tbk., as estate manager. One of the PT. Jababeka Infrastruktur duty is manage Wastewater Treatment Plant 2 (WWTP2). The most of incoming wastewater in WWTP2 PT. Jababeka Infrastruktur is came from food industries, whereas has potential degradable to fatty acid and caused the pH tend to be low and fluctuates. pH is one of the important parameters, especially in biological wastewater treatment system as applied in WWTP2. pH value can affect the microorganism performance in decompose the pollutant compound in wastewater. pH control action is needed to make the treatment run better. <strong>Objectives:</strong> To know the primary settling tank (PST) with   ̴3 hours detention time performance in equalizing wastewater pH. To develop the new equalization tank, it was provide an analysis the pH inlet performance by measuring pH of wastewater. <strong>Method and results:</strong> Statistical analysis of secondary data by comparing standard deviation value of wastewater before and after accommodated in PST also paired sample t-Test to see the performance of PST in equalizing of pH. Besides that, taken and measuring inlet wastewater pH in every one hour also adding to the previous wastewater inlet sample to determine the optimum wastewater detention time in terms of pH. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> PST was significant unit process that can be equalize the pH value. The observation of pH characteristic pattern by time showed that the optimum equalization time was 1-2 hours. This result can be as reference to more utilize of the existing PST.

Response of Manitoba soils to banding phosphorus with sulfate or carbonate salts

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihiri C.W. Manimel Wadu ◽  
Tee Boon Goh ◽  
Olalekan O. Akinremi
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Monoammonium Phosphate ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Monopotassium Phosphate ◽  
Treatment Interaction ◽  
Sulfate Salts ◽  
Carbonate Salts ◽  
P Sources

Applications of sulfate and carbonate salts have been shown to improve the solubility of phosphorus (P) in model calcareous soils. It is unclear how these treatments will influence P solubility in real soils. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of sulfate or carbonate salts on P solubility in selected Manitoba soils. We hypothesized that the application of carbonate or sulfate salts in a fertilizer band could enhance the solubility of P in Manitoba soils. Different salt mixtures were prepared by mixing either monopotassium phosphate (MPP) or monoammonium phosphate (MAP) with K2SO4, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4, or (NH4)2CO3. After the 2 wk of incubation of salt-treated soils, both P sources decreased soil pH significantly. The addition of salts did not significantly affect pH in most of the soils. There was a significant treatment effect (P < 0.0001), a significant soil effect (P < 0.0001), and a significant soil by treatment interaction (P < 0.0001) on water-extractable P. Coapplication of either sulfates or (NH4)2CO3salt increased soluble P in some soils by 6%–44% or 11%–14%, respectively. Application of carbonate or sulfate salts increased P solubility only in soils with a smaller ratio of HCl-extractable Ca to ammonium acetate-extractable Ca.

scholarly journals Boron sorption in soils and its extractability by soil tests (Mehlich 3, ammonium acetate and water extraction)

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Matula
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Background Data ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the paper was to contribute to the acquisition of background data for the specification of safe boron levels in soils in relation to diagnostics by multi-nutrient soil tests and to CEC (cation exchange capacity) value of soil, pH and soil organic matter. The research was conducted on 24 soils. Sorption was determined after 97 days from the application of B at the rates of 0, 1, 2.5, 5 mg B/kg in H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub>. The closest regression of B-sorption was with the CEC value of soil in NH<sub>4</sub>-acetate and water tests and it increased with the increasing application of B (regression at a rate of 5 ppm B; NH<sub>4</sub>-acetate: linear <I>R</I><sup = 0.632, polynomial 2<sup>nd</sup> <I>R</I><sup = 0.644; water: linear R<sup = 0.644, polynomial 2<sup>nd</sup> <I>R</I><sup = 0.599). No relationship was found in the Mehlich 3 test. Regressions of B sorption on pH value were substantially lower. The relationship of B sorption with soil organic matter was similar to CEC, but less close. In the NH<sub>4</sub>-acetate soil test, after the correction of CEC value of soil by pH deviations from the optimum, regression was improved (linear <I>R</I><sup = 0.821, polynomial 2<sup>nd</sup> <I>R</I><sup = 0.837).

Study on SO2, NO Removal from Flue Gas Using an Aqueous NaClO2 Solution with Oxidation Reduction Potential and pH Control

2014 ◽  
Vol 955-959 ◽  
pp. 2221-2225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Sun
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Sodium Chlorite ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Potential ◽  
Optimized Conditions

Removal of SO2 and NO from the flue gas using an aqueous sodium chlorite solution was achieved in a bubbling reactor, ORP and pH were used as monitoring parameter. The effect of pH, NaClO2 feeding rate and SO2 concentration on simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx efficiencies were systematical investigated. The results showed that SO2 removal efficiency was always 100% and NOx removal efficiency could achieve 65% at optimized conditions, the optimized pH value of 5-5.5 was observed. The correlation analysis among ORP, original pH, NaClO2 feeding rate and input SO2 concentration was established using multiple regression equations.

Application of DMC Algorithm on pH Control of WFGD System

2014 ◽  
Vol 568-570 ◽  
pp. 1090-1094
Author(s):  
Shan Shan Guo ◽  
Ze Dong
Keyword(s):  
Pid Control ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Dynamic Matrix ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Desulfurization Process ◽  
Matrix Control ◽  
And Control

The paper studies on wet flue gas desulfurization process and the factors of affecting the desulfurization efficiency, and analyses the control system of the absorber slurry pH value. The conventional PID control is difficult to achieve satisfactory control effect, so it puts forward the predictive control scheme based on Dynamic Matrix Control (DMC) algorithm to identify and control the change of pH value. Simulation results show that under the control of DMC algorithm, the slurry pH value has a good tracking for setting input and its changes , reflecting a high degree of adaptability. The control with low overshoot and good accuracy is better than conventional PID control and meets the requirements of real-time control.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document