scholarly journals Clinicians’ gaze behaviour in simulated paediatric emergencies

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (12) ◽  
pp. 1146-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben McNaughten ◽  
Caroline Hart ◽  
Stephen Gallagher ◽  
Carol Junk ◽  
Patricia Coulter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Paediatric Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Educational Tool ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Paediatric Emergency ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Potential Use

AimDifferences in the gaze behaviour of experts and novices are described in aviation and surgery. This study sought to describe the gaze behaviour of clinicians from different training backgrounds during a simulated paediatric emergency.MethodsClinicians from four clinical areas undertook a simulated emergency. Participants wore SMI (SensoMotoric Instruments) eye tracking glasses. We measured the fixation count and dwell time on predefined areas of interest and the time taken to key clinical interventions.ResultsPaediatric intensive care unit (PICU) consultants performed best and focused longer on the chest and airway. Paediatric consultants and trainees spent longer looking at the defibrillator and algorithm (51 180 ms and 50 551 ms, respectively) than the PICU and paediatric emergency medicine consultants.ConclusionsThis study is the first to describe differences in the gaze behaviour between experts and novices in a resuscitation. They mirror those described in aviation and surgery. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential use of eye tracking as an educational tool.

The Use of Eye Tracking to Discern the Threshold at Which Metopic Orbitofrontal Deformity Attracts Attention

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1392-1401
Author(s):  
Mark P. Pressler ◽  
Emily L. Geisler ◽  
Rami R. Hallac ◽  
James R. Seaward ◽  
Alex A. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Average Dwell Time ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Introduction and Objectives: Surgical treatment for trigonocephaly aims to eliminate a stigmatizing deformity, yet the severity that captures unwanted attention is unknown. Surgeons intervene at different points of severity, eliciting controversy. This study used eye tracking to investigate when deformity is perceived. Material and Methods: Three-dimensional photogrammetric images of a normal child and a child with trigonocephaly were mathematically deformed, in 10% increments, to create a spectrum of 11 images. These images were shown to participants using an eye tracker. Participants’ gaze patterns were analyzed, and participants were asked if each image looked “normal” or “abnormal.” Results: Sixty-six graduate students were recruited. Average dwell time toward pathologic areas of interest (AOIs) increased proportionally, from 0.77 ± 0.33 seconds at 0% deformity to 1.08 ± 0.75 seconds at 100% deformity ( P < .0001). A majority of participants did not agree an image looked “abnormal” until 90% deformity from any angle. Conclusion: Eye tracking can be used as a proxy for attention threshold toward orbitofrontal deformity. The amount of attention toward orbitofrontal AOIs increased proportionally with severity. Participants did not generally agree there was “abnormality” until deformity was severe. This study supports the assertion that surgical intervention may be best reserved for more severe deformity.

scholarly journals Gazing at the partner in musical trios: a mobile eye-tracking study

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Vandemoortele ◽  
Kurt Feyaerts ◽  
Mark Reybrouck ◽  
Geert De Bièvre ◽  
Geert Brône ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Nonverbal Communication ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contrasting Cases ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The One ◽  
Mobile Eye Tracking ◽  
Initial Exploration

Few investigations into the nonverbal communication in ensemble playing have focused on gaze behaviour up to now. In this study, the gaze behaviour of musicians playing in trios was recorded using the recently developed technique of mobile eye-tracking. Four trios (clarinet, violin, piano) were recorded while rehearsing and while playing several runs through the same musical fragment. The current article reports on an initial exploration of the data in which we describe how often gazing at the partner occurred. On the one hand, we aim to identify possible contrasting cases. On the other, we look for tendencies across the run-throughs. We discuss the quantified gaze behaviour in relation to the existing literature and the current research design.

scholarly journals Brief report: Attentional Bias towards Social Interactions during Viewing of Naturalistic Scenes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Skripkauskaite ◽  
Ioana Mihai ◽  
Kami Koldewyn
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Social Bias ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
The Social ◽  
Naturalistic Scenes ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Human visual attention is readily captured by the social information in scenes. Multiple studies have shown that social areas of interest (AOIs) such as faces and bodies attract more attention than non-social AOIs (e.g. objects or background). However, whether this attentional bias is moderated by the presence (or absence) of a social interaction remains unclear. Here, the gaze of 70 young adults was tracked during the free viewing of 60 naturalistic scenes. All photographs depicted two people, who were either interacting or not. Analyses of dwell time revealed that more attention was spent on human than background AOIs in the interactive pictures. In non-interactive pictures, however, dwell time did not differ between AOI type. In the time-to-first-fixation analysis, humans always captured attention before other elements of the scene, although this difference was slightly larger in the interactive than non-interactive scenes. These findings confirm the existence of a bias towards social information in attentional capture, and suggest that the presence of social interaction may be important in inducing a similar social bias in attentional engagemente. Together with previous research using less naturalistic stimuli, these findings suggest that social interactions carry additional social value that guides one's perceptual system.

scholarly journals An Exploratory Application of Eye-Tracking Methods in a Discrete Choice Experiment

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 658-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Vass ◽  
Dan Rigby ◽  
Kelly Tate ◽  
Andrew Stewart ◽  
Katherine Payne
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Risk Communication ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Discrete Choice Experiments ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Background. Discrete choice experiments (DCEs) are increasingly used to elicit preferences for benefit-risk tradeoffs. The primary aim of this study was to explore how eye-tracking methods can be used to understand DCE respondents’ decision-making strategies. A secondary aim was to explore if the presentation and communication of risk affected respondents’ choices. Method. Two versions of a DCE were designed to understand the preferences of female members of the public for breast screening that varied in how risk attributes were presented. Risk was communicated as either 1) percentages or 2) icon arrays and percentages. Eye-tracking equipment recorded eye movements 1000 times a second. A debriefing survey collected sociodemographics and self-reported attribute nonattendance (ANA) data. A heteroskedastic conditional logit model analyzed DCE data. Eye-tracking data on pupil size, direction of motion, and total visual attention (dwell time) to predefined areas of interest were analyzed using ordinary least squares regressions. Results. Forty women completed the DCE with eye-tracking. There was no statistically significant difference in attention (fixations) to attributes between the risk communication formats. Respondents completing either version of the DCE with the alternatives presented in columns made more horizontal (left-right) saccades than vertical (up-down). Eye-tracking data confirmed self-reported ANA to the risk attributes with a 40% reduction in mean dwell time to the “probability of detecting a cancer” ( P = 0.001) and a 25% reduction to the “risk of unnecessary follow-up” ( P = 0.008). Conclusion. This study is one of the first to show how eye-tracking can be used to understand responses to a health care DCE and highlighted the potential impact of risk communication on respondents’ decision-making strategies. The results suggested self-reported ANA to cost attributes may not be reliable.

scholarly journals How Task Constraints Influence the Gaze and Motor Behaviours of Elite-Level Gymnasts

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6941
Author(s):  
Joana Barreto ◽  
Filipe Casanova ◽  
César Peixoto ◽  
Bradley Fawver ◽  
Andrew Mark Williams
Keyword(s):  
International Level ◽  
Constraint Factor ◽  
Task Constraints ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
The Right ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Action Coupling ◽  
Level Performance

Perception-action coupling is fundamental to effective motor behaviour in complex sports such as gymnastics. We examined the gaze and motor behaviours of 10 international level gymnasts when performing two skills on the mini-trampoline that matched the performance demands of elite competition. The presence and absence of a vaulting table in each skill served as a task-constraint factor, while we compared super-elite and elite groups. We measured visual search behaviours and kinematic variables during the approach run phase. The presence of a vaulting table influenced gaze behaviour only in the elite gymnasts, who showed significant differences in the time spent fixating on the mini-trampoline, when compared to super-elite gymnasts. Moreover, different approach run characteristics were apparent across the two different gymnastic tasks, irrespective of the level of expertise, and take-off velocity was influenced by the skill being executed across all gymnasts. Task constraints and complexity influence gaze behaviours differed across varying levels of expertise in gymnastics, even within a sample of international level athletes. It appears that the time spent fixating their gazes on the right areas of interest during the approach run is crucial to higher-level performance and therefore higher scores in competition, particularly on the mini-trampoline with vaulting table.

scholarly journals Eye-tracking glasses in face-to-face interactions: Manual versus automated assessment of areas-of-interest

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Jongerius ◽  
T. Callemein ◽  
T. Goedemé ◽  
K. Van Beeck ◽  
J. A. Romijn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Interrater Reliability ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Vision Algorithm ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Mobile Eye Tracking

AbstractThe assessment of gaze behaviour is essential for understanding the psychology of communication. Mobile eye-tracking glasses are useful to measure gaze behaviour during dynamic interactions. Eye-tracking data can be analysed by using manually annotated areas-of-interest. Computer vision algorithms may alternatively be used to reduce the amount of manual effort, but also the subjectivity and complexity of these analyses. Using additional re-identification (Re-ID) algorithms, different participants in the interaction can be distinguished. The aim of this study was to compare the results of manual annotation of mobile eye-tracking data with the results of a computer vision algorithm. We selected the first minute of seven randomly selected eye-tracking videos of consultations between physicians and patients in a Dutch Internal Medicine out-patient clinic. Three human annotators and a computer vision algorithm annotated mobile eye-tracking data, after which interrater reliability was assessed between the areas-of-interest annotated by the annotators and the computer vision algorithm. Additionally, we explored interrater reliability when using lengthy videos and different area-of-interest shapes. In total, we analysed more than 65 min of eye-tracking videos manually and with the algorithm. Overall, the absolute normalized difference between the manual and the algorithm annotations of face-gaze was less than 2%. Our results show high interrater agreements between human annotators and the algorithm with Cohen’s kappa ranging from 0.85 to 0.98. We conclude that computer vision algorithms produce comparable results to those of human annotators. Analyses by the algorithm are not subject to annotator fatigue or subjectivity and can therefore advance eye-tracking analyses.

scholarly journals TO THE QUESTION OF PECULIARITIES OF EYE MOVEMENT ANALYSIS IN THE PROCESS OF FACE PERCEPTION

2021 ◽  
pp. 196-219
Author(s):  
Galina Ya. Menshikova ◽  
Anna O. Pichugina
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Holistic Processing ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Individual Strategies ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Background. The article is devoted to the study of the mechanisms of face perception when using the technology of eye-tracking. In the scientific literature, two processes are distinguished - analytical (perception of individual facial features) and holistic (perception of a general configuration of facial features). It is assumed that each of the mechanisms can be specifically manifested in patterns of eye movements during face perception. However, there is disagreement among the authors concerning the eye movements patterns which reflect the dominance of the holistic or analytic processing. We hypothesized that the contradictions in the interpretation of eye movement indicators in the studies of face perception may be associated with the features of the eye-tracker data processing, namely, with the specifics of identifying areas of interest (eyes, nose, bridge of the nose, lips), as well as with individual strategies of eye movements. Objective. Revealing the features of eye movements analysis in the process of facial perception. Method. A method for studying analytical and holistic processing in the task of assessing the attractiveness of upright and inverted faces using eye-tracking technology has been developed and tested. The eye-tracking data were analyzed for the entire sample using three types of processing, differing in the marking of the areas of interest (AOIs), and separately for two groups differing in eye movement strategies. The distinction of strategies was considered based on differences in the mean values of the fixation duration and the amplitude of saccades. Results. It was shown that: the presence of statistically significant differences of the dwell time in the AOIs between the condition of upright and inverted faces depended on the method of identifying these AOIs. It was shown that the distribution of the dwell time by zones is closely related to individual strategies of eye movements. Analysis of the data separately by groups showed significant differences in the distribution of the dwell time in the AOIs. Conclusion. When processing eye-tracking data obtained in the studies of face perception, it is necessary to consider individual strategies of eye movements, as well as the features associated with identifying AOIs. The absence of a single standard for identifying these areas can be the reason for inconsistency of the data about the holistic or analytical processing dominance. According to our data, the most effective for the analysis of holistic processing is a more detailed type of marking the AOIs, in which not only the main features (eyes, nose, mouth) are distinguished, but also the area of the nose bridge and nose.

The Use of Eye Tracking Technology in Aesthetic Surgery: Analyzing Changes in Facial Attention Following Surgery

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 1269-1279
Author(s):  
Russell S Frautschi ◽  
Nadeera Dawlagala ◽  
Eric W Klingemier ◽  
Hannah S England ◽  
Nicholas R Sinclair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Aesthetic Surgery ◽  
Facial Rejuvenation ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Postoperative Changes ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Tracking Technology

Abstract Background The ability to quantitatively analyze how we look at a face and determine if this changes following facial surgery should be of interest to the plastic surgeon. Eye tracking technology (ETT) provides the ability to record where observers fixate when viewing a facial image, enabling quantitative data to be obtained comparing pre- and postoperative changes. Objectives The authors sought to investigate ETT as a novel outcome assessment tool, determining if facial rejuvenation surgery shifts attention away from the prominent signs of aging, and if so, where this attention shifts. Methods Twenty-five volunteers viewed 32 randomized frontal, oblique, and lateral images of 11 patients pre- and post-facelift. An eye movement monitoring system recorded the observer’s eye position, net dwell time, fixation count, fixation time, and revisits into predefined areas of interest. Data were grouped and analyzed by angle and areas of interest. Paired t tests were employed to detect significant differences in pre- and post-images. Results On frontal images, less dwell time, fixations, and revisits were noted on the bottom third, forehead, perioral region, and neck (P &lt; 0.05). On the lateral view, less visual attention was given to the neck, upper third, and perioral region, with more time in the cheek, nose, and middle third (P &lt; 0.05). On oblique images, less attention was given to the neck and upper lid with more aimed at the middle third of the face (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions ETT provides quantitative data post-facial rejuvenation. Facial aesthetic surgery does alter where observers look when viewing a face, decreasing the time spent inspecting the prominent signs of aging.

Optimizing Gaze Typing with Pupil Size for People with Severe Motor Disabilities

2014 ◽  
Vol 644-650 ◽  
pp. 1330-1333
Author(s):  
Xiang Sheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Severe Disabilities ◽  
Motor Disabilities ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Severe Motor ◽  
Eye Typing ◽  
Effective Design

Thanks to recent technological advances in the field of eye tracking, eye typing provides means of communication for people with severe disabilities. Typing with gaze using dwell time has been made possible by the development of eye tracking technologies. Recent research indicates that pupil size is viewed as a subtle cue of people is making a decision. Therefore, it may help to infer users’ willing of typing. The present study describes the design process for improving eye typing by adding pupil size index into dwell time triggering. Experimental evaluations showed that the approach was effective; design considerations for such optimization of the gaze typing interfaces are discussed.

scholarly journals Towards Safer Transport of Sick and Injured Children

1983 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Owen ◽  
A. W. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Paediatric Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Paediatric Intensive Care ◽  
Transport Service ◽  
Artificial Airway ◽  
Paediatric Emergency ◽  
Educational Role ◽  
Emergency Transport

A Paediatric Emergency Transport Service has been operating from the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit of the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, for the last three years. The records of the first 158 patients evacuated have been analysed and are reported. Problems relating to the care of the airway and artificial airway have been the most common. The need for careful pre-transport resuscitation and stabilisation is emphasised. The educational role of a transport service both at the time of initial consultation and at the time of retrieval is stressed.

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