Review on Sources and Sinks of Main GHGes in Atmosphere

2015 ◽  
Vol 730 ◽  
pp. 213-220
Author(s):  
Zhi Qiang Yu ◽  
Yi Feng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Soil Biology ◽  
Sequence Composition ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Integrated Research ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
Source And Sink

Global warming is one of the key fields of global change ecology．The sources and sinks of the Greenhouse Gases (GHGes) in the atmosphere：which result in climate warming have been widely investigated around the world in the last 1 0 years．In this paper, sources and sinks of main GHGes in the atmosphere(CO2，CH4，N20)were reviewed．It is believed that the emission／uptake flux of the 3 GHGes between the atmosphere and various ecosystems were not precisely quauntified yet and there are some uncertainties with aspect to the：kind of source and sink．By analyzing related literature, the trends of international：research on the source and sink of the main GHGes were summarized as follows：more and more advanced instruments have been used in the research，more an d more regions have been investigated，more and more concerns have been on the response of emission／uptake flux of the 3 GHGes to the global change an d integrated research comprising ecology ,soil biology, meteorology, microbiology, atmospheric physics，etc．In our country, the research on source and sink of the 3 GHGes were developed since 1 980s．Compared with advanced countries，our related researches were conducted in fewer sites with less frequency and were less systematic． the rapid development so far involved CH4 emission from rice paddies, wetlands, CH4 and N2O emissions from the study of loess - paleosol sequence composition characteristics of greenhouse gases, and forest, agriculture, Soil CO2 emission and absorption of research in the field.

scholarly journals Nitrous oxide emissions in agricultural soils: a review

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 322-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Signor ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino Cerri
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N2o Formation ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Ch4 And N2o

The greenhouse gases concentration in the atmosphere have significantly increased since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The most important greenhouse gases are CO2, CH4 and N2O, with CH4 and N2O presenting global warming potentials 25 and 298 times higher than CO2, respectively. Most of the N2O emissions take place in soils and are related with agricultural activities. So, this review article aimed at presenting the mechanisms of N2O formation and emission in agricultural soils, as well as gathering and discussing information on how soil management practices may be used to reduce such emissions. The N2O formation in the soil occurs mainly through nitrification and denitrification processes, which are influenced by soil moisture, temperature, oxygen concentration, amount of available organic carbon and nitrogen and soil C/N ratio. Among these factors, those related to soil could be easily altered by management practices. Therefore, understanding the processes of N2O formation in soils and the factors influencing these emissions is fundamental to develop efficient strategies to reduce N2O emissions in agricultural soils.

scholarly journals Biogeochemistry of Mediterranean Wetlands: A Review about the Effects of Water-Level Fluctuations on Phosphorus Cycling and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1510
Author(s):  
Inmaculada de Vicente
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Water Level Fluctuations ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Mediterranean Wetlands ◽  
Effect Of Water

Although Mediterranean wetlands are characterized by extreme natural water level fluctuations in response to irregular precipitation patterns, global climate change is expected to amplify this pattern by shortening precipitation seasons and increasing the incidence of summer droughts in this area. As a consequence, a part of the lake sediment will be exposed to air-drying in dry years when the water table becomes low. This periodic sediment exposure to dry/wet cycles will likely affect biogeochemical processes. Unexpectedly, to date, few studies are focused on assessing the effects of water level fluctuations on the biogeochemistry of these ecosystems. In this review, we investigate the potential impacts of water level fluctuations on phosphorus dynamics and on greenhouse gases emissions in Mediterranean wetlands. Major drivers of global change, and specially water level fluctuations, will lead to the degradation of water quality in Mediterranean wetlands by increasing the availability of phosphorus concentration in the water column upon rewetting of dry sediment. CO2 fluxes are likely to be enhanced during desiccation, while inundation is likely to decrease cumulative CO2 emissions, as well as N2O emissions, although increasing CH4 emissions. However, there exists a complete gap of knowledge about the net effect of water level fluctuations induced by global change on greenhouse gases emission. Accordingly, further research is needed to assess whether the periodic exposure to dry–wet cycles, considering the extent and frequency of the cycles, will amplify the role of these especial ecosystems as a source of these gases and thereby act as a feedback mechanism for global warming. To conclude, it is pertinent to consider that a better understanding about the effect of water level fluctuations on the biogeochemistry of Mediterranean wetlands will help to predict how other freshwater ecosystems will respond.

scholarly journals Methane and nitrous oxide exchange over a managed hay meadow

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 7219-7236 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Hörtnagl ◽  
G. Wohlfahrt
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Eddy Covariance Method ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Mountain Grassland ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
N2o Fluxes ◽  
Ch4 And N2o

Abstract. The methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) exchange of a temperate mountain grassland near Neustift, Austria, was measured during 2010–2012 over a time period of 22 months using the eddy covariance method. Exchange rates of both compounds at the site were low, with 97% of all half-hourly CH4 and N2O fluxes ranging between ±200 and ±50 ng m−2 s−1, respectively. The meadow acted as a sink for both compounds during certain time periods, but was a clear source of CH4 and N2O on an annual timescale. Therefore, both gases contributed to an increase of the global warming potential (GWP), effectively reducing the sink strength in terms of CO2 equivalents of the investigated grassland site. In 2011, our best guess estimate showed a net greenhouse gas (GHG) sink of −32 g CO2 equ. m−2 yr−1 for the meadow, whereby 55% of the CO2 sink strength of −71 g CO2 m−2 yr−1 was offset by CH4 (N2O) emissions of 7 (32) g CO2 equ. m−2 yr−1. When all data were pooled, the ancillary parameters explained 27 (42)% of observed CH4 (N2O) flux variability, and up to 62 (76)% on shorter timescales in-between management dates. In the case of N2O fluxes, we found the highest emissions at intermediate soil water contents and at soil temperatures close to 0 or above 14 °C. In comparison to CO2, H2O and energy fluxes, the interpretation of CH4 and N2O exchange was challenging due to footprint heterogeneity regarding their sources and sinks, uncertainties regarding post-processing and quality control. Our results emphasize that CH4 and N2O fluxes over supposedly well-aerated and moderately fertilized soils cannot be neglected when evaluating the GHG impact of temperate managed grasslands.

scholarly journals Methane and nitrous oxide exchange over a managed hay meadow

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 8181-8225
Author(s):  
L. Hörtnagl ◽  
G. Wohlfahrt
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Eddy Covariance Method ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Mountain Grassland ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
N2o Fluxes ◽  
Ch4 And N2o

Abstract. The methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) exchange of a temperate mountain grassland near Neustift, Austria, was measured during 2010–2012 over a time period of 22 months using the eddy covariance method. Exchange rates of both compounds at the site were low, with more than 95% of the half-hourly fluxes of CH4 and N2O ranging between ±10 and ±1 nmol m−2 s−1, respectively. The meadow acted as a sink for both compounds during certain time periods, but was a clear source of CH4 and N2O on an annual time scale. Therefore, both gases contributed to an increase of the global warming potential (GWP), effectively reducing the sink strength in terms of CO2-equivalents of the investigated grassland site. In 2011, our best guess estimate showed a net GHG sink of −32 g CO2-equ. m−2 yr−1 for the meadow, whereby 55% of the CO2 sink strength of −71 g CO2 m−2 yr−1 was offset by CH4/N2O emissions of 7/32 g CO2-equ. m−2 yr−1. When all data were pooled, the ancillary parameters explained 26/38% of observed CH4/N2O flux variability, and up to 62/75% on shorter time scales in-between management dates. In case of N2O fluxes, we found highest emissions at intermediate soil water contents and at soil temperatures close to zero or above 14 °C. In comparison to CO2, H2O and energy fluxes, the interpretation of CH4 and N2O exchange was challenging due to footprint heterogeneity regarding their sources and sinks, uncertainties regarding post-processing and quality control. Our results emphasize that CH4 and N2O fluxes over supposedly well-aerated and moderately fertilized soils cannot be neglected when evaluating the GHG impact of temperate managed grasslands.

scholarly journals A gas chromatograph system for semi-continuous greenhouse gas measurements at Puy de Dôme station, Central France

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 3121-3170 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lopez ◽  
M. Schmidt ◽  
M. Ramonet ◽  
J.-L. Bonne ◽  
A. Colomb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Planetary Boundary Layer ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gas Chromatograph ◽  
Ch4 And N2o

Abstract. Three years of greenhouse gases measurements, obtained using a gas chromatograph (GC) system located at the Puy de Dôme station at 1465 m a.s.l. in Central France are presented. The GC system was installed in 2010 at Puy de Dôme and was designed for automatic and accurate semi-continuous measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and sulfur hexafluoride mole fractions. We present in detail the instrumental set up and the calibration strategy, which together allow the GC to reach repeatabilities of 0.1 μmol mol−1, 1.2, 0.3 nmol mol−1 and 0.06 pmol mol−1 for CO2, CH4, N2O and SF6, respectively. Comparisons of the atmospheric time series with those obtained using other instruments shown that the GC system meets the World Meteorological Organization recommendations. The analysis of the three-year atmospheric time series revealed how the planetary boundary layer height drives the mole fractions observed at a mountain site such as Puy de Dôme where air masses alternate between the planetary boundary layer and the free troposphere. Accurate long-lived greenhouse gases measurements collocated with 222Rn measurements as an atmospheric tracer, allowed us to determine the CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions in the catchment area of the station. The derived CO2 surface flux revealed a clear seasonal cycle with net uptake by plant assimilation in the spring and net emission caused by the biosphere and burning of fossil fuel during the remainder of the year. We calculated a mean annual CO2 flux of 1150 t(CO2) km−2. The derived CH4 and N2O emissions in the station catchment area were 5.6 t(CH4) km−2 yr−1 and 1.5 t(N2O) km−2 yr−1, respectively. Our derived annual CH4 flux is in agreement with the national French inventory, whereas our derived N2O flux is five times larger than the same inventory.

scholarly journals Effect of Woodchips Biochar on Sensitivity to Temperature of Soil Greenhouse Gases Emissions

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Criscuoli ◽  
Maurizio Ventura ◽  
Andrea Sperotto ◽  
Pietro Panzacchi ◽  
Giustino Tonon
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Ch4 Uptake ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
The Impact

Research Highlights: Biochar is the carbonaceous product of pyrolysis or the gasification of biomass that is used as soil amendment to improve soil fertility and increase soil carbon stock. Biochar has been shown to increase, decrease, or have no effect on the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) from soil, depending on the specific soil and biochar characteristics. However, the temperature sensitivity of these gas emissions in biochar-amended soils is still poorly investigated. Background and Objectives: A pot experiment was set up to investigate the impact of woodchips biochar on the temperature sensitivity of the main GHG (CO2, CH4, and N2O) emissions from soil. Materials and Methods: Nine pots (14 L volume) were filled with soil mixed with biochar at two application rates (0.021 kg of biochar/kg of soil and 0.042 kg of biochar/kg of soil) or with soil alone as the control (three pots per treatment). Pots were incubated in a growth chamber and the emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O were monitored for two weeks with a cavity ring-down gas analyzer connected to three closed dynamic chambers. The temperature in the chamber increased from 10 °C to 30 °C during the first week and decreased back to 10 °C during the second week, with a daily change of 5 °C. Soil water content was kept at 20% (w/w). Results: Biochar application did not significantly affect the temperature sensitivity of CO2 and N2O emissions. However, the sensitivity of CH4 uptake from soil significantly decreased by the application of biochar, reducing the CH4 soil consumption compared to the un-amended soil, especially at high soil temperatures. Basal CO2 respiration at 10 °C was significantly higher in the highest biochar application rate compared to the control soil. Conclusions: These results confirmed that the magnitude and direction of the influence of biochar on temperature sensitivity of GHG emissions depend on the specific GHG considered. The biochar tested in this study did not affect soil N2O emission and only marginally affected CO2 emission in a wide range of soil temperatures. However, it showed a negative impact on soil CH4 uptake, particularly at a high temperature, having important implications in a future warmer climate scenario and at higher application rates.

Long-term spatiotemporal patterns of CH4 and N2O emissions from livestock and poultry production in Turkey

2009 ◽  
Vol 167 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 545-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Recep Kulcu ◽  
Kamil Ekinci ◽  
Fatih Evrendilek ◽  
Can Ertekin
Keyword(s):  
Spatiotemporal Patterns ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Ch4 And N2o

scholarly journals Using manure as fertilizer for maize could improve sustainability of milk production

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0601 ◽  
Author(s):  
José D. Jiménez-Calderón ◽  
Adela Martínez-Fernández ◽  
Fernando Prospero-Bernal ◽  
José Velarde-Guillén ◽  
Carlos M. Arriaga-Jordán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Organic Fertilization ◽  
Positive Balance ◽  
Chemical Fertilization ◽  
Cow Performance ◽  
Ch4 And N2o

This study evaluated the effect of organic or chemical fertilization of maize on cow performance, economic outcomes, and greenhouse gas emission. Each type of maize silage according its different fertilization was used in two rations offered to two different groups of nine Friesian-Holstein cows throughout 4 months. The production cost of the maize silage was 8.8% lower for organic than for chemical fertilization. Both silages had similar nutritive value, except a higher concentration of starch in maize with organic fertilization, which allowed a reduction in the proportion of concentrate in the ration, saving 25.3 eurocents per cow in the daily ration, generating a positive balance of 21.8 eurocents per cow and day. The milk yield and composition were unaffected depending on the type of fertilization, whereas the estimation of CH4 and N2O emissions with chemical fertilization was higher than emissions with organic fertilization. As a result, it is possible to increase the sustainability and profitability of dairy production with reuse and recycling of manure.

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