Preparation of Peel-off Mask from Deproteinized Natural Rubber Latex

The aim of this research was to develop the peel-off mask in paste form which can be applied to the face and then formed removable thin film. Deproteinized natural rubber latex (DNRL) from Hevea brasiliensis was used as the major film former. After deproteinization by alcalase enzyme treatment, the protein amount was 0.257% that reduced from the initial amount of 1.531%. The appropriate types and amounts of additives were studied by optimization design. The product compatibility and stability were evaluated. The addition of active ingredients for skin nourishing was also investigated. The suitable formulation composed of DNRL, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and methylcellulose (MC) as film formers, propylene glycol (PG) and glycerin as plasticizer, Tween 80 as stabilizer, Paraben concentrate as preservative, and other active ingredients including tocopheral acetate, aloe vera, jojoba oil, and tamarind extract. The product was white viscous paste with the pH of 5.69, viscosity of 28,100 cps as pseudoplastic flow behavior, and stable when kept in well-close container at room temperature for more than 1 month. The product in situ film was good elasticity indicated by initial modulus (0.96 MPa), tensile strength (0.208 MPa) and elongation at break (105.6%). Skin irritation in rabbit skin was very slightly which showed the small rash skin but could recover soon. The complacency test in 50 healthy volunteers showed the good results with no irritation effect. In conclusions, DNRL could be prepared peel-off mask product with good properties.

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Deproteinized Natural Rubber as Chewing Gum Base for Nicotine Delivery

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.470 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 844 ◽

pp. 470-473

Author(s):

Wiwat Pichayakorn ◽

Prapaporn Boonme ◽

Wirach Taweepreda

Keyword(s):

Natural Rubber ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Natural Rubber Latex ◽

Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose ◽

Rubber Latex ◽

Initial Modulus ◽

Chewing Gums ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Saccharin Sodium ◽

Deproteinized Natural Rubber

This study aimed to prepare the nicotine chewing gums for smoking cessation using deproteinized natural rubber latex (DNRL) as gum bases due to its highly flexible property. The formulations were produced by the conventional heat melting and kneading methods. The experimental design was used to obtain the optimum 3 gum base formulations. Each formulation composed of olive oil as a plasticizer; sodium carboxymethylcellulose as an adsorbent; xylitol, mannitol and saccharin sodium as sweeteners instead of sugar. Gum base 1 and gum base 2 had the same sweetener amount but gum base 2 had the lower plasticizer amount, while gum base 1 and gum base 3 had the same plasticizer amount but different sweetener amount. Nicotine was added into each 3 gum bases (NCT1-3). The results showed no significant difference of appearance and taste. Their physicochemical properties were as following: pH of 8.45, 8.46, 8.54, hardness of 39.80, 36.28, 33.14 Shore A, initial modulus of 0.090, 1.260, 0.065 MPa, %elongation of 286, 403, 489%, drug content of 63.62, 70.95, 72.70%, and drug release when 500 times for force clamping of 48.72, 45.72, 67.74%, respectively. After storage at room temperature for 1 month, NCT1 and NCT2 showed unchangeable appearance, but NCT3 showed the slightly liquefied film and much sticky due to hygroscopic property of its sweetener. However, all formulations showed the significant reduction of drug amount which should be further improved in their stability properties.

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Novel Process in Preparation of Deproteinized Natural Rubber Latex

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.462 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 844 ◽

pp. 462-465 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Prapaporn Boonme ◽

Wirach Taweepreda ◽

Wiwat Pichayakorn

Keyword(s):

Natural Rubber ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Ph Value ◽

Skin Irritation ◽

Natural Rubber Latex ◽

Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽

Solid Content ◽

Rubber Latex ◽

Total Solid Content ◽

Deproteinized Natural Rubber

Natural rubber latex (NRL) tapped from Hevea brasiliensis is composed of cis-1,4-polyisoprene as the major polymer which provides several desirable physical properties which make it to be interesting in pharmaceutical formulations. However, the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) has reported about latex allergies caused by 14 NRL proteins (Hev b1-14). This problem can be coped with deproteinization of NRL in order to obtain deproteinized natural rubber latex (DNRL). This study aimed to prepare DNRL by novel process which was easy to perform and used pharmaceutical acceptable agents. The obtained DNRL was assayed for remained protein amount in form of nitrogen content by Kjeldahl method. Its physical properties were characterized. Its stability was also physically investigated. The DNRL was tested for the skin irritation in 3 rabbits. It was found that the protein amount of DNRL was 0.257% while the initial protein amount of fresh NRL was 1.531%. Hence, the protein was removed for 83.21%. DNRL had the average pH of 7.27. Both protein content and pH value implied that DNRL should be safe for skin application. DNRL possessed Newtonian flow with low viscosity which should be easy for mixing with other components in the further pharmaceutical formulations. The particle size, polydispersity index (PI), and zeta potential of DNRL were 441.0 nm, 0.240, and -42.53 mV, respectively, indicating narrow size distribution and physical stability. The dry rubber content and total solid content of DNRL were controlled as 39.55% and 40.72%, respectively. The suitable storage condition of DNRL was at 2-8°C in tight containers where DNRL could be kept for longer than 4 months. Very slightly irritation with no allergy caused by DNRL was observed in the tested rabbits. It could be concluded that this deproteinization process was easy and the prepared DNRL by this process was suitable and safe for using in further pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations.

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Surfactant Treatment and Leaching Combination Process for Preparation of Deproteinized Natural Rubber Latex

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.500 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 659 ◽

pp. 500-504

Author(s):

Jirapornchai Suksaeree ◽

Wirach Taweepreda ◽

Wiwat Pichayakorn

Keyword(s):

Natural Rubber ◽

Skin Irritation ◽

Sodium Dodecyl ◽

Natural Rubber Latex ◽

Rubber Latex ◽

Combination Process ◽

Surfactant Treatment ◽

Leaching Process ◽

Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate ◽

Cocamidopropyl Betaine

This study aimed to improve the efficacy of protein removal from fresh natural rubber latex (NRL) and to decrease the production cost by using surfactant treatment and leaching combination processes. The 0.5-3% anionic surfactants, i.e. sodium dodecyl sulfate or sodium lauryl ether sulfate, nonionic tween80 surfactant, or an amphoteric cocamidopropyl betaine surfactant was used in surfactant treatment process. Moreover, water, aqueous surfactant solutions, and/or 1-5% organic solvents (i.e. ethanol, isopropanol and/or acetone) was then used in leaching process. The fresh NRL was preserved by paraben compounds in the presence of surfactant at ambient temperature for 20-120 minutes, and then centrifuged. This might prevent the skin irritation of deproteinized NRL (DNRL) caused by ammonium stabilizer that normally uses in latex industry. The upper rubber mass was then leached for upto three cycles with leaching solvents, and then finally redispersed in distilled water. The milky-like DNRLs were obtained by these processes. Their dry rubber contents were 41-47% that could be adjusted. Their viscosities were 9-13 centipoises with the pH of 6.04-6.61. The protein residues in these DNRLs were 0.0000-0.3244% which were lower than that of fresh NRL (1.2428%). These indicated the efficacy of studied deproteinization process for 73.90-100.0%. Types and concentrations of surfactant, incubation times, leaching solvents, and cycles of leaching process affected the efficacy of deproteinization process. Moreover, the properties of these dried films were not different from that of fresh NR film. This DNRL could be further used for several applications including medical skin products.

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Novel membranes from physico-chemically modified deproteinized natural rubber latex: development, characterisation and drug permeation

New Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1039/c8nj01523f ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 42 (17) ◽

pp. 14179-14187

Author(s):

Janisha Jayadevan ◽

G. Unnikrishnan

Keyword(s):

Drug Release ◽

Natural Rubber ◽

Natural Rubber Latex ◽

Rubber Latex ◽

Drug Permeation ◽

Chemically Modified ◽

Blend Membranes ◽

Deproteinized Natural Rubber

Novel blend membranes from physico-chemically modified deproteinized natural rubber latex for drug release applications.

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Improved Deproteinization Process for Protein-Free Natural Rubber Latex

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.474 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 844 ◽

pp. 474-477 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Wiwat Pichayakorn ◽

Jirapornchai Suksaeree ◽

Wirach Taweepreda

Keyword(s):

Natural Rubber ◽

Negative Charge ◽

Ph Value ◽

Natural Rubber Latex ◽

Solid Content ◽

Enzyme Treatment ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Rubber Latex ◽

Total Solid Content ◽

Leaching Process

Hev b1-14 type proteins in natural rubber latex (NRL) have been identified as allergens in immunogenic responses. Several methods have been developed to reduce these proteins from NRL such as enzyme treatment, centrifugation, creaming, simple or ultrasonic leaching, and chlorination. In this work, the improvement of deproteinization of NRL was developed using the combination of enzyme treatment and leaching processes. The fresh NRL was incubated with 0.2 phr proteolytic alcalase enzyme, and preserved with 2%v/v paraben concentrate in the presence of a 2%v/v sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) as a surfactant at 37°C for 24 hours, and then centrifuged. The upper rubber mass was then leached for three times with either distilled water, a 1%v/v SLES solution, or a mixture of 1%v/v SLES and 2.5%v/v ethanol, and then finally re-dispersed in distilled water. It was found that the increasing process of leaching with either 1%v/v SLES or a mixture of 1%v/v SLES and 2.5%v/v ethanol had the higher efficacy to reduce the remained protein in deproteinized NRL (DNRL). The best deproteinized process was the enzyme treatment and followed by the three times leaching process with a mixture of 1%v/v SLES and 2.5%v/v ethanol, that could completely reduce the proteins in DNRL to 0%. This DNRL had the pH value, viscosity, dry rubber content, and total solid content of 7.41, 13.82 cps, 42.57%, and 44.63%, respectively. Its particle size was 626.23 nm with low polydispersity index of 0.16. The negative charge of SLES could increase the higher negative charge of DNRL to-63.20 mV that exhibited very good physical stability during storage. In conclusions, the combination of enzyme treatment and leaching process with both SLES and ethanol was successful to produce the protein-free DNRL. This DNRL could be further used for several applications including medical skin products.

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