Solar Light Bulbs: Effect of the Volume and Shape of the Pet Bottles on the Luminous Flux

2021 ◽  
Vol 412 ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Victor Velazquez-Martínez ◽  
Luz Yazmin Villagrán-Villegas ◽  
Miguel Patiño-Ortiz ◽  
Julián Patiño-Ortiz ◽  
Delia Valles-Rosales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Luminous Flux ◽  
Solar Light ◽  
Light Bulb ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Different Shapes

The solar light bulb is a one-liter bottle filled with water that uses the refraction of sunlight. In many places, it is not expected the consumption of 1-liter bottles but other capacities. This study shows the effect of the shape of the PET bottles and how the capacity influences the luminous flux resulting from the solar refraction. A total of nine solar bulb models were used with different shapes and capacities (600 mL, 1 L, and 1.5 L). The results showed no interaction between the two factors where the best luminous flux was obtained using the 1 L and 1.5 L bottles regardless of the shape, ranging from 116 to 143 lux. This outcome expands the variety of PET bottles that can be recycled to build solar light bulbs.

Effect of PWM Duty Cycle and Frequency of Power Supply to the LED Bulb Efficacy

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1011
Author(s):  
Andi Pawawoi ◽  
Wahyu Prabowo
Keyword(s):  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Light Flux ◽  
Luminous Flux ◽  
Light Bulb ◽  
A Value ◽  
Specific Frequency

In this paper described the effect of frequency and duty cycle of the PWM power supply LED bulb light efficacy. Efficacy LED bulb is measured by measuring the light flux and power consumed at standard conditions, the bulb is supplied directly from the network. Then efficacy, the luminous flux and power the bulb is also measured under the conditions given PWM power supply at some frequency and duty cycle value. In the same light flux levels between the two treatment, the use of PWM power supply can increase the efficacy of the light bulb up to 66.2%, with a value of 117.52 light efficacy lumen / Watt. At the level of light flux which is slightly lower, the use of PWM power supply to the LED bulb with a specific frequency and power supply can achieve the efficacy of 397.14 lumens / Watt

Optimization and Experimental Validation of Automotive Bulbs

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440702110044
Author(s):  
Lotfali Mozafari Vanani ◽  
Mani Ghanbari ◽  
Hadi Ghasemi Zavaragh
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Luminous Flux ◽  
Reference Standards ◽  
Volumetric Efficiency ◽  
Night Vision ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Taguchi Design Of Experiments ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Car Park

In a vehicle, bulbs called the P-group are responsible for warning other drivers or pedestrians and they are known as signal bulbs. Signal bulbs have been used to emit warning and hazard signs in parts such as brake lights, direction indicator, hazard lights (night vision) as well as tail bulbs and car park alarms. There has been limited researches on the photometric characteristics of these lamps, but a review of these studies revealed that no detailed research has yet been done on optimizing these characteristics, and there is a scientific gap. In this study, factors affecting the service life and luminous flux were evaluated by using Taguchi design of experiments method. The results showed that the two factors of weight percent composition of bubble filling neutral gases and the volumetric efficiency of gases injected into the bubble had the most influence on the target parameters. Experimental results showed that the optimum composition of neutral gases injected into the bulb bubble can extend the bulb service life to approximately 341 h, which is three times the service life of a bulb with the inappropriate composition of fill gases. Then the optimum state of the service life and the luminous flux were determined to meet the reference standards. Although the service life and luminous flux parameters were able to reach 341 h and 513 lumens in the maximized state, however, in the optimum state with satisfying reference standards, the service life and luminous flux were 330 h and 463 lumens, respectively. Then, the bulb bubble filling with inert neutral gases and its effect on the bulb service life was investigated. The results showed that if the volumetric efficiency of gas injection increased from the normal 75%–100%, the service life of the test lamps would be improved by about 10%.

scholarly journals Assessment of methods of marking LED sources with the power of equivalent light bulb

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 883-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Tabaka ◽  
P. Rozga
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Luminous Flux ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Potential User ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Light Bulb ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Given

Abstract This article presents considerations on the assessment of marking LED sources with the power of an equivalent light bulb. This problem was studied both on the basis of calculations and measurements performed. 17 LEDs of different powers and luminous fluxes were tested. Calculations assessing conformity with the declared power showed that an important disadvantage for most of the LED sources results from the method of marking them with the power of an equivalent light bulb from the point of view of the luminous flux emitted. Manufacturers do not do this correctly, misleading the potential user. Meanwhile, measurements performed in different ambient temperatures indicated that for only 4 from among the 13 LED sources studied the given value of the power of an equivalent light bulb may be recognized as in accordance with the actual state of affairs and still with a reservation that specified ambient temperature shall be required. In other cases the values of power quoted are either understated or overstated.

Structural phenomena in the growth of carbon nanotubes

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 750-751
Author(s):  
Jun Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Growth Mechanism ◽  
Carbonaceous Material ◽  
Cluster Growth ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Rich Variety ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
Point To Point

HREM studies of the carbonaceous material deposited on the cathode of a Huffman-Krätschmer arc reactor have shown a rich variety of multiple-walled nano-clusters of different shapes and forms. The preparation of the samples, as well as the variety of cluster shapes, including triangular, rhombohedral and pentagonal projections, are described elsewhere.The close registry imposed on the nanotubes, focuses attention on the cluster growth mechanism. The strict parallelism in the graphitic separation of the tube walls is maintained through changes of form and size, often leading to 180° turns, and accommodating neighboring clusters and defects. Iijima et. al. have proposed a growth scheme in terms of pentagonal and heptagonal defects and their combinations in a hexagonal graphitic matrix, the first bending the surface inward, and the second outward. We report here HREM observations that support Iijima’s suggestions, and add some new features that refine the interpretation of the growth mechanism. The structural elements of our observations are briefly summarized in the following four micrographs, taken in a Hitachi H-8100 TEM operating at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV and with a point-to-point resolution of 0.20 nm.

Dual-sensitized upconversion-assisted, triple-band absorbing luminescent solar concentrators

Nanoscale ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (33) ◽  
pp. 17265-17271
Author(s):  
Seong Kyung Nam ◽  
Kiwon Kim ◽  
Ji-Hwan Kang ◽  
Jun Hyuk Moon
Keyword(s):  
Solar Light ◽  
Photovoltaic Systems ◽  
Solar Concentrator ◽  
Solar Concentrators ◽  
Luminescent Solar Concentrators ◽  
Luminescent Solar Concentrator ◽  
Triple Band

Luminescent solar concentrator-photovoltaic systems (LSC-PV) harvest solar light by using transparent photoluminescent plates, which is expected to be particularly useful for building-integrated PV applications.

Slow Down You’re Moving Too Fast

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Lang ◽  
Nancy Schwartz ◽  
Sharon Mayell
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Media Messages ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Difference

The study reported here compared how younger and older adults processed the same set of media messages which were selected to vary on two factors, arousing content and valence. Results showed that older and younger adults had similar arousal responses but different patterns of attention and memory. Older adults paid more attention to all messages than did younger adults. However, this attention did not translate into greater memory. Older and younger adults had similar levels of memory for slow-paced messages, but younger adults outperformed older adults significantly as pacing increased, and the difference was larger for arousing compared with calm messages. The differences found are in line with predictions made based on the cognitive-aging literature.

Effects of an Anxiety-Specific Psychometric Factor on Fear Conditioning and Fear Generalization

2017 ◽  
Vol 225 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Baumann ◽  
Miriam A. Schiele ◽  
Martin J. Herrmann ◽  
Tina B. Lonsdorf ◽  
Peter Zwanzger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
High Anxious ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Fear Generalization

Abstract. Conditioning and generalization of fear are assumed to play central roles in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. Here we investigate the influence of a psychometric anxiety-specific factor on these two processes, thus try to identify a potential risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders. To this end, 126 healthy participants were examined with questionnaires assessing symptoms of anxiety and depression and with a fear conditioning and generalization paradigm. A principal component analysis of the questionnaire data identified two factors representing the constructs anxiety and depression. Variations in fear conditioning and fear generalization were solely associated with the anxiety factor characterized by anxiety sensitivity and agoraphobic cognitions; high-anxious individuals exhibited stronger fear responses (arousal) during conditioning and stronger generalization effects for valence and UCS-expectancy ratings. Thus, the revealed psychometric factor “anxiety” was associated with enhanced fear generalization, an assumed risk factor for anxiety disorders. These results ask for replication with a longitudinal design allowing to examine their predictive validity.

Photoelectrochemical experiments under various solar light concentration ratios

1999 ◽  
Vol 09 (PR3) ◽  
pp. Pr3-301-Pr3-306
Author(s):  
O. Enea ◽  
J. Blanco ◽  
S. Malato ◽  
M. I. Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
Solar Light ◽  
Light Concentration ◽  
Concentration Ratios
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document