scholarly journals Assessment of methods of marking LED sources with the power of equivalent light bulb

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 883-890 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Tabaka ◽  
P. Rozga
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Luminous Flux ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Potential User ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Light Bulb ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Given

Abstract This article presents considerations on the assessment of marking LED sources with the power of an equivalent light bulb. This problem was studied both on the basis of calculations and measurements performed. 17 LEDs of different powers and luminous fluxes were tested. Calculations assessing conformity with the declared power showed that an important disadvantage for most of the LED sources results from the method of marking them with the power of an equivalent light bulb from the point of view of the luminous flux emitted. Manufacturers do not do this correctly, misleading the potential user. Meanwhile, measurements performed in different ambient temperatures indicated that for only 4 from among the 13 LED sources studied the given value of the power of an equivalent light bulb may be recognized as in accordance with the actual state of affairs and still with a reservation that specified ambient temperature shall be required. In other cases the values of power quoted are either understated or overstated.

scholarly journals Psychological issues of the behavioral regulation for parents of children with developmental features at the diagnostic phase

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-35
Author(s):  
Veronika Leonteva ◽  
Nadezhda Pokrovskaya ◽  
Sergey Marikhin ◽  
Artem Tyulin
Keyword(s):  
Coping Behavior ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Public Healthcare ◽  
Behavioral Regulation ◽  
Sensory Impairments ◽  
Role Of Parents ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Families With Children ◽  
Developmental Features

Social isolation during the pandemic has exacerbated the problems of psychological support for families with a child with sensory impairments. The problem of analyzing the role of parents in correcting the development of children with disabilities, in particular, with sensory impairments, is examined from the standpoint of their functional responsibilities, but the actual state of affairs, in particular, the choice of reaction and adaptation strategies of the parents in families with such children, taking into account modern technological possibilities of correcting the health status of the children themselves. The article presents the generalized results of a study of coping behavior of parents in families with children with hearing impairments, conducted in 2018-2021 on the basis of the St. Petersburg State Public Healthcare Institution "Children's City Surdological Center". The problems that parents face when choosing strategies and models of coping behavior are systematized and are presented from the point of view of the psychological analysis of the social attitude toward the role and status of a child within a family.

Influence of ambient temperature on diesel engine raw pollutants and fuel consumption in different driving cycles

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 877-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Manuel Luján ◽  
Héctor Climent ◽  
Santiago Ruiz ◽  
Ausias Moratal
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Driving Cycles ◽  
Light Duty

The effect of low ambient temperature on diesel raw pollutant emissions is analysed in two different driving cycles: NEDC and WLTC. The study is focused on hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and fuel consumption. Tests are conducted at cold start in a HSDI light-duty diesel engine with two levels of ambient temperature: 20 °C and −7 °C. Results showed a general detriment of pollutant emissions and break thermal efficiency at low ambient temperatures. NOx is increased around 250% in both cycles when running at low temperatures. Effect on hydrocarbons is more noticeable in the NEDC, where it rises in 270%, compared with the 150% of increase in the WLTC. In the case of carbon monoxide, uncorrelated tendencies are observed between both driving cycles. Concerning the NEDC, carbon monoxide emissions increase up to 125%, while at the WLTC, they are reduced up to 20%. Finally, from the point of view of the thermal efficiency, a reduction of nearly 10% in the NEDC is observed. However, no fuel penalty is spotted regarding the WLTC.

Research Into The Junction Temperature And Power Of New Led Modules Generation In Dependence On Variable Parameters

2020 ◽  
pp. 106-115
Author(s):  
Kemal Furkan Sokmen ◽  
Osman Bedrettin Karatas
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Finite Volume ◽  
Luminous Flux ◽  
Junction Temperature ◽  
Variable Parameters ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Volume Analysis ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
New Generation

In this research, the change in the junction temperature and luminous flux of a new generation LED module depending on variables such as radiation, lens piece, ambient temperatures, currents, and quantity of elements had been studied. Commercial software FloEFD2019 was used in the finite volume analysis made during the study. The analyses were verified by experiments. On basis of the analysis, a solution was obtained that does not depend on the number of elements. The force of gravity was taken into account. While the ambient temperatures were taken as Ta = 23 °C and 40 °C, and the radiation value as 1009 W/m2, currents as 140 mA, 160 mA, 180 mA, 200 mA, 220 mA and 240 mA, meanwhile, samples numbers on PCB were taken as 101 and 202. In order to determine the effect of the lens piece located on the LED module, the analysis was repeated with and without using the lens. As a result of the study, it was found that the increase in ambient temperature and radiation has an adverse effect on the temperature Tj and luminous flux. It has been observed that changing samples number has a negligible effect on luminous flux and temperature Tj. It was found that the use of radiation and lenses are the most important factors affecting the luminous flux of the module.

Financial Control as a Means of Cognition of the Financal Activities: Theoretical and Legal Aspects

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 2383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor D. CHERNADCHUK ◽  
Тamara O. CHERNADCHUK ◽  
Alyona M. KLOCHKO
Keyword(s):  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Financial Control ◽  
Normative Model ◽  
Financial Activity ◽  
Management Function ◽  
State Of Affairs

The article deals with the actual issues of the financial control from the point of view not only as a type of activity, management function or institution of the financial law, but also as a means of knowledge of the financial activity. The result of such cognition is an establishment of the actual state of affairs in the sphere of the financial activity by comparing them (comparisons) and assessing their compliance with the normative model of financial activity, in terms of legality and efficiency, detecting deviations from this model (violations of the financial legislation) and other negative trends, and as well as developing and taking measures to bring actual financial activity to its normative model. The global experience of financial control organization confirms the need to reorganize the existing system of state financial control in Ukraine and determines the need to create an organizational structure for establishing a system of external and internal financial control at the appropriate methodological and regulatory basis. One of the prerequisites for improvement of financial legislation is the cognition not only the results of the financial activity, but also the conditions, factors and circumstances the presence of which contributes to a violation of financial legislation, the causes of these violations, etc. The results of control measures, despite the selectivity of controlled entities and the limited range of these entities, are part of that initial empirical material, which requires cognition, which can result in a generalized conclusion on the state of financial activity as a whole. The article proposes the author's vision of the directions of further improvement of financial legislation of Ukraine and the influence on the development of this branch of legislation of the results of financial control.

Moving against the current: how to teach Russian as a native language?

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-16
Author(s):  
Yakov Semenovich Turbovskoy
Keyword(s):  
Native Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Speech Activity ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Broad Term ◽  
Entire Complex ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Russian Language

The author shows that even from the point of view of modern researchers who openly and undoubtedly express their respect for the existing system of teaching the Russian language and strive to improve its effectiveness by introducing new approaches and tools, the conclusion is made about the need to "eliminate the entire concept of knowledge about the Russian language" according to which the Russian language is taught in modern conditions. One cannot but agree with this conclusion, based on the actual state of affairs, and, naturally, the entire set of necessary decisions reflected in the infinitely broad term "requirements of life". However, the article defends the position that teaching the Russian language should not only go into teaching the rules, but should be based on the entire complex of speech activity and thinking of the student.

WAYS TO IMPROVE INTERNAL AUDIT OF PAYMENTS TO EMPLOYEES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Ivanova ◽  
◽  
Svitlana Mykhailovyna ◽  
Olena Matros ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
Employee Benefits ◽  
Actual State ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Employee Benefit ◽  
Productivity Indicators ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Practical Recommendations

There is no doubt that the issues of improving the methodological foundations of internal audit of payments to employees in the context of increased competition in all areas of business, the introduction of modern information technologies in the accounting process are relevant. Salaries are not only a source that ensures the life of employees, but their growth affects the increase in labor productivity and profit of the enterprise. Internal audit allows to ensure high-quality accounting of payments to employees, which is important in determining labor productivity indicators and ways to improve it. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological basis with the development of practical recommendations for improving the methodology of internal audit of employee benefits in order to improve the detailed audit content. It has been established that in order to ensure the correct and high-quality organization of internal audit, it is advisable to provide for the establishment of the internal audit service as a separate subdivision, providing the necessary number of accountants and auditors in the staff. The methodology of the internal audit of payroll has been improved in order to provide a detailed explanation of the content of the audit. The main objects of the internal audit of employee benefit calculations have been singled out. The sequence of the employee benefit calculations audit was determined. The internal auditor's working documents were formed: A statement of selective verification of vacation pay accrual and a Statement of violations revealed during the audit of employee benefit calculations. Using new changes and suggestions will allow the company’s internal audit service to cover all aspects of accounting and reporting on employee benefits. Preparation results of the internal audit of payments to employees in the form of proposed working documents will ensure that the results of the audit correspond to the actual state of Affairs at the enterprise and ensure the availability of information during the next audit. Prospects for further research should be carried out in the direction of developing a regulatory framework for internal audit, taking into account industry specifics affecting the economic activity of the enterprise.

THE ISSUE OF MINORS’S GUARDIANSHIP SENTENCED TO IMPRISONMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
Ирина Викторовна Евстафьева
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sufficient Detail ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
The Status ◽  
Correct Understanding ◽  
The Given

В статье исследуются вопросы попечительства в отношении несовершеннолетних, отбывающих наказание в виде лишения свободы. Проблема, поднимаемая автором настоящей статьи, многогранна, касается различных аспектов отбывания наказания несовершеннолетними в воспитательных колониях и требует комплексного исследования, способного ответить на определенно значимый вопрос: является ли колония законным представителем находящихся в ней несовершеннолетних со всеми вытекающими из статуса законных представителей последствиями. При этом необходимо обращать внимание на специфику правового статуса лиц, отбывающих наказание в воспитательных колониях, которые, во-первых, являются несовершеннолетними, то есть не обладают дееспособностью в полном объеме и нуждаются в особой заботе, защите и представительстве, а во-вторых, осуждены за совершение тяжкого или особо тяжкого преступления, влекущего изоляцию от общества и определенные ограничения и лишения. Отечественное законодательство достаточно детально регламентирует особенности режима отбывания наказания в виде лишения свободы несовершеннолетними, не определяя при этом статуса воспитательных колоний, кем они являются: воспитателями, попечителями или исключительно учреждениями исполнения наказаний. Между тем правильное понимание значения и роли воспитательной колонии в жизни находящихся в ней несовершеннолетних преступников, по мнению автора, поможет избежать ряда проблем, объективно складывающихся в учреждениях подобного рода. С этой точки зрения предлагаемая тема представляет интерес не только для ученых-теоретиков, но и для практиков - сотрудников соответствующих учреждений. Особо следует подчеркнуть, что исследований по данной тематике в специальной литературе нет. Отдельные исследования, встречающиеся в современной литературе, касаются исключительно общего гражданско-правового статуса несовершеннолетних осужденных. Однако это обстоятельство может свидетельствовать только о новизне данной темы, но никак не об отсутствии самой проблемы. The article analyzes the issues of the status of educational colonies as guardians of minors serving a sentence of imprisonment. In fact, the problem raised by the author of this article is multifaceted, concerns various aspects of the serving of punishment by minors in educational colonies and requires a comprehensive study that can answer, it seems, a definitely significant question: whether the colony is the legal representative of the minors in it with all the consequences arising from the status of legal representatives in the form of duties and responsibilities. At the same time, it seems, it is necessary to pay attention to the specifics of the legal status of citizens serving sentences in educational colonies, who, firstly, are minors, i.e. do not have full legal capacity and need special care, protection and representation, and, secondly, are convicted of committing a serious or particularly serious crime, entailing isolation from society and certain restrictions and deprivation. Domestic legislation regulates in sufficient detail the peculiarities of the regime of serving sentences in the form of deprivation of liberty by minors, without determining the status of educational colonies. Who are they: educators, Trustees or only institutions of execution of punishments. Meanwhile, the correct understanding of the importance and role of the educational colony in the life of juvenile offenders in it, according to the author, will help to avoid a number of problems that objectively develop in institutions of this kind. From this point of view, the proposed topic is of interest not only for theoretical scientists, but for practitioners-employees of relevant institutions. It should be emphasized that there are no studies on this subject in the special literature. However, this circumstance can testify only about novelty of the given subject, but in any way about absence of the problem. It seems that the relevance and importance of a problem is not always measured by the number of studies devoted to it. Sometimes these its traits are manifest only under particularly careful consideration.

scholarly journals Influence of Ambient Temperature on Radiative and Convective Heat Dissipation Ratio in Polymer Heat Sinks

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 2286
Author(s):  
Jan Kominek ◽  
Martin Zachar ◽  
Michal Guzej ◽  
Erik Bartuli ◽  
Petr Kotrbacek
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Convective Heat ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Heat Sinks ◽  
Fourth Power ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
University Of Technology

Miniaturization of electronic devices leads to new heat dissipation challenges and traditional cooling methods need to be replaced by new better ones. Polymer heat sinks may, thanks to their unique properties, replace standardly used heat sink materials in certain applications, especially in applications with high ambient temperature. Polymers natively dispose of high surface emissivity in comparison with glossy metals. This high emissivity allows a larger amount of heat to be dissipated to the ambient with the fourth power of its absolute surface temperature. This paper shows the change in radiative and convective heat transfer from polymer heat sinks used in different ambient temperatures. Furthermore, the observed polymer heat sinks have differently oriented graphite filler caused by their molding process differences, therefore their thermal conductivity anisotropies and overall cooling efficiencies also differ. Furthermore, it is also shown that a high radiative heat transfer leads to minimizing these cooling efficiency differences between these polymer heat sinks of the same geometry. The measurements were conducted at HEATLAB, Brno University of Technology.

scholarly journals Insufficient Stability of Clavulanic Acid in Widely Used Child-Appropriate Formulations

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 225
Author(s):  
Ines Mack ◽  
Mike Sharland ◽  
Janneke M. Brussee ◽  
Sophia Rehm ◽  
Katharina Rentsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Essential Medicines List ◽  
Dispersible Tablets ◽  
The Stability

Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC) belongs to the WHO Essential Medicines List for children, but for optimal antimicrobial effectiveness, reconstituted dry powder suspensions need to be stored in a refrigerated environment. Many patients in low- and middle-income countries who are sold AMC suspensions would be expected not to keep to the specified storage conditions. We aimed to assess the stability of both ingredients in liquid formulations and dispersible tablets, combined with nationally representative data on access to appropriate storage. Degradation of amoxicillin (AMX) and clavulanic-acid (CLA) was measured in suspensions and dispersible tablets commercially available in Switzerland at different ambient temperatures (8 °C vs. 28 °C over 7 days, and 23 °C vs. 28 °C over 24 h, respectively). Data on access to refrigeration and electricity were assessed from the USAID-funded Demographic and Health Survey program. In suspensions, CLA degraded to a maximum of 12.9% (95% CI −55.7%, +29.9%) at 8°C and 72.3% (95% CI −82.8%, −61.8%) at a 28 °C ambient temperature during an observation period of 7 days. Dispersible tablets were observed during 24 h and CLA degraded to 15.4% (95% CI −51.9%, +21.2%) at 23 °C and 21.7% (−28.2%, −15.1%) at a 28 °C ambient temperature. There is relevant degradation of CLA in suspensions during a 7-day course. To overcome the stability challenges for all active components, durable child-appropriate formulations are needed. Until then, prescribers of AMC suspensions or pharmacists who sell the drug need to create awareness for the importance of proper storage conditions regarding effectiveness of both antibiotics and this recommendation should be reflected in the WHO Essential Medicines List for children.

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