Graphite Electrodes for Hydrogen Production by Acid Electrolysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 1012 ◽  
pp. 158-163
Author(s):  
Oliveira Marilei de Fátima ◽  
Mazur Viviane Teleginski ◽  
Virtuozo Fernanda ◽  
Junior Valter Anzolin de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel Cells ◽  
Graphite Electrodes ◽  
Alkaline Electrolysis ◽  
Selection Of

Nowadays, humanity has become aware of the consequences that the use of fossil fuels entails, and the latest developments in the energy sector are leading to a diversification of energy resources. In this context, researching on alternative forms of producing electric energy is being conducted. At the transportation level, a possible solution for this matter may lie in hydrogen fuel cells. The electrolysis of water is one of the possible processes for hydrogen production, but the reaction to break the water molecule requires a great amount of energy and this is precisely the biggest issue involving this process. In this work, low cost electrodes of 254 stainless steel and electrolytic graphite were used for hydrogen production, allowing high efficiency and reduced oxidation during the process. The selection of these materials allows to obtain a high corrosion resistance electrolytic pair, by replacing the high cost platinum electrode usually employed in the alkaline electrolysis process. The formic acid of biomass origin was used as an electrolyte. It was observed that the developed reactor have no energy losses through heat and it was possible to obtain approximately 82% conversion efficiency in the gas production process.

From Coarse to Fine: An Augmented Reality Based Dynamic Inspection Method for Visualized Railway Routing of Freight Cars

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bing Yi ◽  
Renkai Sun ◽  
Long Liu ◽  
Yongfeng Song ◽  
Yinggui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Augmented Reality ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Route Selection ◽  
Inspection Method ◽  
Envelope Model ◽  
Freight Car ◽  
Cargo Transportation ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract It is a challenge for the dynamic inspection of railway route for freight car transporting cargo that out-of-gauge. One possible way is using the inspection frame installed in the inspection train to simulate the whole procedure for cargo transportation, which costs a lot of manpower and material resources as well as time. To overcome the above problem, this paper proposes an augmented reality (AR) based dynamic inspection method for visualized railway routing of freight car with out-of-gauge. First, the envelope model of the dynamic moving train with out-of-gauge cargo is generated by using the orbital spectrum of the railway, and the envelope model is matched with a piece of homemade calibration equipment located on the position of the railway that needs to be inspected. Then, the structure from motion (SFM) algorithm is used to reconstruct the environment where the virtual envelope model occludes the buildings or equipment along the railway. Finally, the distance function is adopted to calculate the distance between the obstacle and the envelope of the freight car with out-of-gauge, determining whether the freight car can pass a certain line. The experimental results show that the proposed method performs well for the route selection of out-of-gauge cargo transportation with low cost, high precision, and high efficiency. Moreover, the digital data of the environments along the railway and the envelope of the freight car can be reused, which will increase the digitalization and intelligence for route selection of out-of-gauge cargo transportation.

Comparative analysis of straight grate machines and combined facilities grate-tubetype kiln-cooler for selection technologies of pellets production

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 957-968
Author(s):  
A. A. Butkarev ◽  
E. A. Butkareva
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Iron Ore Pellets ◽  
Electric Energy Consumption ◽  
Ore Pellets ◽  
Type Selection ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Selection Of

At present, mainly straight grate machines (SGM) and combined facilities grate-tube-type kiln-cooler (GKC) are used for heat-strengthening induration of iron ore pellets. Their total share in the produced iron ore pellets in the world accounts for 93%, of which SGM takes 60% and GKC – 33%, which speaks about high efficiency of both methods of induration. At the same time, when making decision on construction a pelletizing plant, a question of selection of most effective technology of iron ore pellets production by SGM and GKC often arises. Results of comparative analysis of efficiency of technologies of iron ore pellets production by SGM and GKC presented. Features of various ore types pellets induration considered as well as possibilities of ensuring the required quality of finished pellets at application for induration SGM and GKC. Data on maximum productivity of the considered induration facilities, amount of dust, fines formation, emissions of harmful substances into environment and electric energy consumption presented. Importance of a possibility of accounting of fuel type selection, of heat expenses for heat treatment, of expenses for maintenance, capital and operation costs were noted. It was shown that choice of a particular variant of technology should be done at the stage of elaboration feasibility study accounting existing experience of facilities running, availability of fuel types, cost of energy resources, climate zone and assembling solutions.

Study of Gas Production by Anaerobic Fermentation and Microbial Community Changes by In-Situ Microaerobic Desulphurization

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-523
Author(s):  
Yan Zhou ◽  
Hucheng Liu ◽  
Wei Kou ◽  
Lijie Shao ◽  
Peihan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Fermentation System ◽  
The Stability

The enhancement of biogas quality at low cost and high efficiency process was one of the purposes of biogas engineering. In this work, we designed a reactor for microaerobic desulphurization. We used this reactor to study the anaerobic fermentation in systems that used cow manure with total solid (TS) concentrations of 18.5%, 15% and 10%. The influence of anaerobic fermentation on the stability of gas production and the characteristics of the gas produced with different concentrations of fermentation materials was studied. The strain structure of the fermentation system was obtained by high-throughput sequencing and taxonomy was compared. The H2S removal results showed that the average rates of the H2S removal in concentrations of fermentation materials of 18.5%, 15%, and 10% TS were 99.2%, 97.8%, and 78.8%, respectively. 16SrRNA sequencing was performed in different fermented samples as well as a comparison between samples in order to determine the number of unique species (NUS) and the number of common species (NCS). By comparing TS 18.5 with TS 15 and TS 10 samples, it was determined that under fermentation conditions, NUS were 113 and 106, respectively. Whereas NUS were 31 and 41, respectively, when comparing TS 15 and TS 10. These demonstrated that the number of strain species in the fermentation system with TS 18.5% was far more than those found in the systems with low concentration of fermentation. Also, the ability for disturbance resistance of the microaerobic desulphurization system was stronger at high concentration of the fermentation.

Simple approaches towards the design of an attached-growth sponge bioreactor (AGSB) for wastewater treatment and reuse

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 191-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.H. Ngo ◽  
M.C. Nguyen ◽  
N.G. Sangvikar ◽  
T.T.L. Hoang ◽  
W.S. Guo
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Biomass Growth ◽  
Attached Growth ◽  
Scale Unit ◽  
Nutrient Removal Efficiency ◽  
Selection Of

Wastewater treatment and reuse is being emphasized due to the shortage of water sources and the continuous deterioration of the aquatic environment. In this study, a novel sponge bioreactor was studied as a low cost, high efficiency alternative for an attached growth biological system. This was designed by combining of number of sponge trays. This emerging technology has many beneficial properties in wastewater treatment and reuse. The approaches towards the conditions for system design were: (i) selection of sponge types; (ii) selection of sponge shapes; and (iii) selection of designated slope of sponge tray. They were determined through a series of experiments using a laboratory-scale unit with synthetic wastewater. It was then tested with a pilot-scale unit at the predetermined optimum conditions. The results indicate that the highest biomass growth was found at the sponge type with a cell count of 70–90 cells/in2 (6.45 cm2) The relationship between biomass growth and biological oxygen consumption was well established. The prism-shaped sponge (triangular polyurethane sponge of 70–90 cells/in2 with designated slope of sponge tray at 10 degrees) led to the best performance in terms of both organic and nutrient removal efficiency.

scholarly journals Metal organic framework-derived porous Fe2N nanocubes by rapid-nitridation for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 1161-1167
Author(s):  
Zhixing Cheng ◽  
Ali Saad ◽  
Samira Adimi ◽  
Haichuan Guo ◽  
Siqi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Hydrogen Evolution ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Metal Organic Framework ◽  
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Organic Framework

A new means of producing MOF derived TMN materials, which in conjunction with suitable dyes, offer high-efficiency and low-cost avenues for making photocatalysts for hydrogen production.

Rare earth material CeO2 modified CoS2 nanospheres for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijun Ma ◽  
Jing Xu ◽  
Juan Zhang ◽  
Zhenlu Liu ◽  
Xinyu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Hydrogen Evolution ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
H2 Evolution ◽  
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution ◽  
Earth Material ◽  
Photocatalytic H2 Evolution

The development of high-efficiency and low-cost photocatalysts for hydrogen production reaction is very important to solve energy problems. This paper studied the photocatalytic H2 evolution activity of CeO2/CoS2 heterojunction catalyst...

scholarly journals High Efficiency and Low Cost of Electricity Generation from Fossil Fuels While Eliminating Atmospheric Emissions, Including Carbon Dioxide

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 1135-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Allam ◽  
Miles R. Palmer ◽  
G. William Brown ◽  
Jeremy Fetvedt ◽  
David Freed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Atmospheric Emissions ◽  
Cost Of Electricity

High efficiency and stable tungsten phosphide cocatalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen production

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (24) ◽  
pp. 12513-12519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinxing Zhang ◽  
Weifeng Yao ◽  
Cunping Huang ◽  
Penghui Shi ◽  
Qunjie Xu
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production ◽  
Tungsten Phosphide

Low-cost and abundant tungsten phosphide (WP) is observed as an active cocatalyst for photocatalytic H2 production from water.

Small Scale Skid-Mounted Natural Gas to Hydrogen Production System Provides Competitive Hydrogen for China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfei Song ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
Yiyan Sui ◽  
Tongwen Shan ◽  
Jianguo Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
System Integration ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Hydrogen Generator ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Full Life Cycle

Abstract Because of its convenience, high efficiency and low cost, small-scale skid-mounted hydrogen generator has become a hydrogen-production object of intense research efforts worldwide and has broad prospects in application. We analyze the technical points and difficulties in detail of this kind of on-site compact hydrogen generators from natural gas, by each section in the production process. It is suitable for integrated hydrogen refueling stations due to easy transportation and installation. Related applications are introduced by comparing the technical parameters of recent typical products in the world. Meanwhile, we calculate that the full life cycle cost of hydrogen from skid-mounted hydrogen generator from natrual gas can achieve less than 40CNY / kgH2, which is more economic than other possible hydrogen sources and transportation modes of a hydrogen refueling station. Although the advantages mentioned above, we point out that technology innovation is still desirable, especially in the process of reforming, automatic control, system integration and catalysis, to realize the minimization of skid-mounted hydrogen generators base on natural gas, for its further and wider application in the future.

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