Investigation of Optimal Esterification Conditions of Lactic Acid with Butanol by Using Response Surface Methodology

2021 ◽  
Vol 1020 ◽  
pp. 224-230
Author(s):  
Meng Jun Zheng ◽  
Hsin Chi Tseng ◽  
Bo Yao Chiu ◽  
Wei Cheng Hung ◽  
Richard S. Horng
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Reaction Yield ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
Predicted Values

Esterification reaction of lactic acid with butanol to produce butyl lactate and its optimal conditions were investigated. Cyclohexane was used as entrainer to remove water to promote reaction yield. Catalyst of NaHSO4 was also used to increase reaction rate. Reaction parameters of butanol/lactic acid ratio, cyclohexane/lactic acid ratio, catalyst amount, and reaction time were optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Results showed that the butanol/lactic acid ratio was the most significant factor for esterification yield while interactions between butanol/lactic acid ratio and cyclohexane/lactic acid ratio, butanol/lactic acid ratio, and reaction time were less significant. The correlation coefficient between predicted values and experiment values was 0.985. The optimal conditions for the experiment are: ethanol/lactic acid ratio 5:1, cyclohexane/lactic acid ratio 1:1, catalyst loading 1.5%, and incubation period 3 hours. The esterification yield reaches 99.8% under these conditions.

Optimization of Biodiesel Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis from Castor Oil Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Sabzimaleki ◽  
Barat Ghobadian ◽  
Mohsen Mazloom Farsibaf ◽  
Gholamhassan Najafi ◽  
Masoud Dehghani Soufi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Reaction Yield ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Central Composite

Abstract Production of biodiesel from castor oil (CO) using ultrasound-assisted has been investigated in this study. The objective of the present work was therefore to determine the relationship between various important parameters of the alkaline-catalyzed transesterification process to obtain a high reaction yield in a short time. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to statistically analyze and optimize the operating parameters of the process. A central composite design (CCD) was approved to study the effects of the reaction time, the methanol to oil molar ratio, the ultrasonic cycle and the ultrasonic amplitude on reaction yield. The optimum conditions for alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of CO was found to be a reaction time of 540 s, methanol to oil molar ratio of 8.15:1,ultrasonic cycle of 0.73% and ultrasonic amplitude 64.34%. By exerting the calculated optimum condition in the process, the reaction yield reached 87.0494%. The results from the RSM analysis indicated that the reaction time has the most significant effect on the reaction yield.

scholarly journals Optimisation of Free Fatty Acid Removal in Nyamplung Seed Oil (Callophyllum inophylum L.) using Response Surface Methodology Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas ◽  
Haniif Prasetiawan ◽  
Radenrara Dewi Artanti Putri ◽  
Bayu Triwibowo ◽  
Siti Choirunisa Furi Kurnita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction

Nyamplung seed (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil is a prospective non-edible vegetable oil as biodiesel feedstock. However, it cannot be directly used in the alkaline catalysed transesterification reaction since it contains high free fatty acid (FFA) of 19.17%. The FFA content above 2% will cause saponification reaction, reducing the biodiesel yield. In this work, FFA removal was performed using sulfuric acid catalysed esterification to meet the maximum FFA amount of 2%. Experimental work and response surface methodology (RSM) analysis were conducted. The reaction was conducted at the fixed molar ratio of nyamplung seed oil and methanol of 1:30 and the reaction times of 120 minutes. The catalyst concentration and the reaction temperature were varied. The highest reaction conversion was 78.18%, and the FFA concentration was decreased to 4.01% at the temperature of 60℃ and reaction time of 120 minutes. The polynomial model analysis on RSM demonstrated that the quadratic model was the most suitable FFA conversion optimisation. The RSM analysis exhibited the optimum FFA conversion of 78.27% and the FFA content of 4%, attained at the reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, and reaction time of 59.09℃, 1.98% g/g nyamplung seed oil, and 119.95 minutes, respectively. Extrapolation using RSM predicted that the targeted FFA content of 2% could be obtained at the temperature, catalyst concentration, and reaction time of 58.97℃, 3%, and 194.9 minutes, respectively, with a fixed molar ratio of oil to methanol of 1:30. The results disclosed that RSM is an appropriate statistical method for optimising the process variable in the esterification reaction to obtain the targeted value of FFA.

Development and Optimization of Attapulgite Clay Based Microencapsulation for Lactic Acid Bacteria by Response Surface Methodology

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuping Zhao ◽  
Shuai Liu ◽  
Yunqi Feng ◽  
Muhammad Bilal
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
External Gelation ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Embedding Rate ◽  
Embedding Effect

AbstractLactic acid bacteria (LAB), screened and purified from the fermented yogurt, were microencapsulated in sodium alginate (SA) and attapulgite composite microcapsules by external gelation to increase their viability and stability. Surface characterization by scanning electron microscope clearly evidenced a high number of the LAB embedded in SA/attapulgite composite microcapsules than SA counterparts due to a more cohesive structure, and biocompatible microenvironment. SA/attapulgite and CaCl2/attapulgite composites analysis revealed a better embedding effect of attapulgite blend with SA solvent compared with attapulgite mixed with CaCl2. Influence of three major factors including SA, calcium chloride, and attapulgite concentration on LAB embedding rate were optimized by “single factor strategy” as well as response surface methodology (RSM). Optimal conditions of these factors obtained by RSM were SA (1.03 %), Attapulgite (0.28 %), and CaCl2 concentration (1.17 %). The related embedding rate was predicted as 87.1369 %, and the actual measured value was 91.24 % by experiments using the optimal conditions. In conclusion, the results revealed that LAB microencapsulation in the SA and attapulgite composite might display noteworthy protection against the gastrointestinal environment.

scholarly journals Optimization of enzymatic synthesis of ethyl hexanoate in a solvent free system using response surface methodology (RSM)

Biocatalysis ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarita D. Gawas ◽  
Nidya Lokanath ◽  
Virendra K. Rathod
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Solvent Free ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Enzymatic Esterification ◽  
Ethyl Hexanoate ◽  
Free System ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
Solvent Free System

Abstract The present paper demonstrates application of biocatalysis to the synthesis of ethyl hexanoate, i.e. pineapple flavour ester, in a solvent free system. In order to evaluate the effect of various process parameters on reaction conversion, response surface methodology (RSM) complemented by central composite design (CCD) was employed. A maximum conversion of 88.57% was obtained while changing one factor at a time, at optimum conditions of temperature (50 °C), enzyme dose (2%), molar ratio acid to alcohol (1:3), speed of agitation 250 rpm and reaction time of 120 min. Based on this RSM study, the optimum predicted conditions were: 1:3.39 alcohol to acid ratio, 2.35% enzyme loading and 48.83 oC, for a predicted conversion of 90.99%. The activation energy for the enzymatic esterification was determined and calculated to be 25.76 kJ/mol. The positive values of Gibbs-free energy (ΔG), enthalpy (ΔH) and negative value of entropy (ΔS) revealed that the esterification reaction was non-spontaneous and an endothermic reaction. The reaction seems to follow bi-substrate Ping Pong Bi Bi mechanism with inhibition by both substrates.

scholarly journals PRODUCTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL FROM PALM FATTY ACID DISTILLATE AND OLEIC ACID USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY APPROACH.

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
U, A. Maryam ◽  
G. A Maspalma ◽  
J. M Manu ◽  
M. B Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

In this study, a mixed feed of Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD)/ oleic acid was used to produced biodiesel catalyzed by sulfonated carbon. The effect of three process variables i.e. methanol - to –PFAD/oleic acid molar ratio, catalyst loading and reaction time on the yield of biodiesel produced was studied using response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design (BBD). Optimum reaction conditions were obtained at 1:7 methanol- to-PFAD/oleic acid molar ratio, 15 wt.% catalyst loading and 5h reaction time. The predicted biodiesel yield was 96% under the optimal conditions. From the results obtained, it can be deduced that PFAD/ oleic acid has a high potential as an inedible feedstock to produce low cost biodiesel, and the method may be useful for industrial process optimization.

Optimization of Eugenol Ester Using Statistical Approach of Response Surface Methodology

2016 ◽  
Vol 857 ◽  
pp. 469-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salina Mat Radzi ◽  
M.Z.R. Hanif ◽  
K.M.W. Syamsul
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Enzymatic Esterification ◽  
Lipozyme Tl Im ◽  
Green Route ◽  
Molar Ratio Substrate

In this study, optimization of eugenol caprylate, a type of ester was successfully carried out using statistical approach of Response surface methodology (RSM). The eugenol ester was synthesized via green route of an enzymatic esterification reaction between eugenol and caprylic acid. Four important enzymology parameters were investigated such as reaction time, temperature, molar ratio of substrate and amount of enzyme. High percentage conversion of ester >80 % was achieved at reaction time of 240.40 minute, 25.52 mg of enzyme’s amount, 1.13 molar ratio substrate and temperature of 56.57 °C based on the optimum conditions. The efficiency of a new dual enzymes system consisting of Novozym 435 and Lipozyme TL IM was also evaluated based on the effect of heat and its reusability on the esterification reaction.

scholarly journals Optimization of Vegetable Oil-Based Biodiesels by Multi-Response Surface Methodology (MRS) using Desirability Functions

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. O. Mustapha ◽  
R.A. Adepoju ◽  
Y. T. Afolabi
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Catalyst Dosage ◽  
Reaction Speed

Environmental concerns associated with petroleum resources have propelled the development of sustainable and renewable alternatives to petroleum based products. Vegetable oil is one amongst the foremost abundant bio-based feedstocks. The interest in using vegetable oils and low molecular weight alcohols by direct transesterification have shown great potential as alternatives to petroleum-based diesel, and the production of bio-based diesel continues to increase. Utilization of multi-response surface methodology (MRS) for the most effective combination effect or response from the uses of input to output variables to optimize the yield and higher heating values (HHV) of biodiesels was investigated. In this work, utilizing variety of non-edible vegetable oils like castor (Ricinus communis L), jatropha (Jatropha curcas), and neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds and several process variables or inputs, including mixing time, mixing speed, process temperature and catalyst dosage to formulate high quality renewable fuels were further explored. The outputs were yield, viscosity, higher heating value, density and turbidity. The proposed optimization scenarios for biodiesel using the statistical (MRS) models was aimed to optimize the processes to achieved high conversion and higher heating values, while reducing the reaction time, turbidity, density, and viscosity in the samples. The results showed catalyst dosage as the most important variable for all the three samples. For maximum yield of 100%, the molar ratio of 6.25, catalyst of 0.75 wt.%, reaction speed of 499.99 rpm, reaction time of 19.88 min and temperature of 24.50 oC were found as optimal conditions; while the molar ratio of 5.60, catalyst of 1.01 wt.%, the reaction speed of 499.5 rpm, reaction time of 20.00 min and temperature of 35.50 oC were optimal conditions for maximum biodiesel yield.

Optimization of Magnesium Separation and Extraction from Boron Slurry Using Response Surface Methodology

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 ◽  
pp. 366-369
Author(s):  
Feng Gao ◽  
Rong Fu ◽  
Ming Yang Qian ◽  
Zhu Min Wang ◽  
Xiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Fractional Factorial Design ◽  
Design Criterion ◽  
Fractional Factorial ◽  
Effective Factors

Response surface methodology was used to optimize the soaking Mg leaching ratio from the boron slurry screened by 25 fractional factorial design. Five effective factors such as H2SO4 concentrations, reaction time, reaction temperature and stir velocity were tested by using 25 fractional factorial design criterion and three effective factors H2SO4 concentrations, reaction time and reaction temperature showed significant effect(P2SO4 concentrations of 0.29mol/l, reaction time of 90 min and reaction temperature of 50°C. Three runs of additional confirmation experiments were conducted. The mixture magnesium leaching value was 58.20%.

Optimization of the Ultrasonic Extraction of Gypenoside III from Gynostemma pentaphyllum by Response Surface Methodology

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 1866-1870
Author(s):  
Xiao Dan Tang ◽  
Hai Yang Hang ◽  
Shao Yan Wang ◽  
Jing Xiang Cong
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Gynostemma Pentaphyllum ◽  
Bioactive Component ◽  
Yield Value ◽  
Ultrasonic Time

Gypenosides III is a major bioactive component which is rich in Gynostemma pentaphyllum. For better utilization of the native resource, response surface methodology was used to optimize the extraction conditions of gypenosides III from G. pentaphyllum. The effects of three independent variables on the extraction yield of gypenosides III were investigated and the optimal conditions were evaluated by means of Box-Behnken design. The optimal conditions are as follows: ratio of ethanol to raw material 25, extraction temperature 58°C and ultrasonic time 25min. Under these conditions, the yield of gypenoside III is 1.216±0.05%, which is agreed closely with the predicted yield value.

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