Analysis and Evaluation for Usability of the Low Hydrogen Type Structural Steel Covered Electrode

2008 ◽  
Vol 575-578 ◽  
pp. 684-689
Author(s):  
Yong Wang ◽  
Bao Wang ◽  
Jun Hua Gao
Keyword(s):  
Structural Steel ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Welding Current ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Metal Transfer ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Transfer Mode ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Information Values

Metal transfer mode of the low hydrogen type structural steel covered electrode is the one that coexists as the globular short-circuiting transfer and the fine droplet transfer in the flux-bridge. Component of the metal transfer modes has a direct effect on usability of the covered electrode. The oscillograms of the arc voltage and the welding current gained using the traditional photoelectric oscillograph can only qualitatively describe the general characteristics of metal transfer, but can’t make a quantitative analysis. Using the ANALYSATOR HANNOVER, the welding electrical parameters are measured and analyzed. Four characteristic information values correlated with usability of the covered electrode, such as the frequency of the globular short-circuiting transfer, the globular short-circuiting time, the mean value of the globular short-circuiting time and the mean value of the weighted arcing time, are extracted. The method of principal component analysis is applied to determining the evaluation index for usability of the covered electrode. Thereby quantitative evaluation for usability of the covered electrode is realized. A new method is offered for scientifically evaluating usability of the low hydrogen type structural steel covered electrode.

Analysis and Evaluation for Usability of the Lime Titania Type Structural Steel Covered Electrode

2010 ◽  
Vol 154-155 ◽  
pp. 1217-1222
Author(s):  
Yong Wang ◽  
Bao Wang ◽  
Li Song ◽  
Zhi Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Structural Steel ◽  
Probability Density ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Metal Transfer ◽  
Spray Transfer ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Transfer Mode ◽  
Voltage Variation ◽  
Electric Parameters ◽  
Information Values

Metal transfer mode of the lime titania type structural steel covered electrode is a mixed one that coexists as the globular short-circuiting transfer, the flux-wall guided transfer, the explosive transfer and the spray transfer. Constitute of the metal transfer modes has a direct effect on usability of the covered electrode. Using the Analysator Hannover, the welding electric parameters are measured and analyzed. Four characteristic information values correlated with usability of the covered electrode are extracted, such as the sum of probability density of the short-circuiting voltage, variation coefficient of the arc voltage, the sum of probability density of the big short-circuiting current and the short-circuiting frequency, and then method of the principal component analysis is applied to determining evaluation index of usability of the covered electrode. Usability of the covered electrode is quantitatively evaluated. It offers a new method for scientifically evaluating usability of the lime titania type structural steel covered electrode.

scholarly journals Implications of the Regional Earthquake Likelihood Models test of earthquake forecasts in California

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Karl Sachs ◽  
Ya-Ting Lee ◽  
Donald Turcotte ◽  
James R. Holliday ◽  
John B. Rundle
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Probability ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Test Area ◽  
Test Period ◽  
Future Earthquake ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Earthquake Likelihood Models ◽  
Regional Earthquake

The Regional Earthquake Likelihood Models (RELM) test was the first competitive comparison of prospective earthquake forecasts. The test was carried out over 5 years from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2010 over a region that included all of California. The test area was divided into 7682 0.1°x0.1° spatial cells. Each submitted forecast gave the predicted numbers of earthquakes <em>N<sub>emi</sub></em> larger than <em>M</em>=4.95 in 0.1 magnitude bins for each cell. In this paper we present a method that separates the forecast of the number of test earthquakes from the forecast of their locations. We first obtain the number <em>N<sub>em</sub></em> of forecast earthquakes in magnitude bin <em>m</em>. We then determine the conditional probability <em>λ<sub>emi</sub></em>=<em>N<sub>emi</sub>/</em><em>N<sub>em</sub></em> that an earthquake in magnitude bin <em>m</em> will occur in cell <em>i</em>. The summation of <em>λ<sub>emi</sub></em> over all 7682 cells is unity. A random (no skill) forecast gives equal values of <em>λ<sub>emi</sub></em> for all spatial cells and magnitude bins. The <em>skill</em> of a forecast, in terms of the location of the earthquakes, is measured by the success in assigning large values of <em>λ<sub>emi</sub></em> to the cells in which earthquakes occur and low values of <em>λ<sub>emi</sub></em> to the cells where earthquakes do not occur. Thirty-one test earthquakes occurred in 27 different combinations of spatial cells <em>i</em> and magnitude bins <em>m</em>, we had the highest value of <em>λ<sub>emi</sub></em> for that <em>mi</em> cell. We evaluate the performance of eleven submitted forecasts in two ways. First, we determine the number of <em>mi</em> cells for which the forecast <em>λ<sub>emi</sub></em> was the largest, the best forecast is the one with the highest number. Second, we determine the mean value of <em>λ<sub>emi</sub></em> for the 27 <em>mi</em> cells for each forecast. The best forecast has the highest mean value of <em>λ<sub>emi</sub></em>. The success of a forecast during the test period is dependent on the allocation of the probabilities λemi between the mi cells, since the sum over the mi cells is unity. We illustrate the forecast distributions of <em>λ<sub>emi</sub></em> and discuss their differences. We conclude that the RELM test was successful in illustrating the choices required when a forecast of the location of a future earthquake is made.

Fertility investigations on the black earth wheatlands of the Darling Downs, Queensland. III. Mineral nitrogen in the soil and its relation to the wheat crop

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Waring ◽  
LJH Teakle
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Growing Crop

The level of mineral nitrogen in the soil under fallow and crop was measured for the years 1951 to 1953. Relationships of mineral nitrogen at planting to yield and nitrogen content of wheat grain and straw were examined. Values for nitrate nitrogen at the end of the fallow period ranged most commonly from 10 to 20 µg/g in the surface 2 ft and from 0 to 10 µg/g at 2-4 ft. Approximately one-third of the sites showed an increase from the third to the fourth foot. One site showed extremely high values throughout the profile, particularly at 3-4 ft where a value of 127 µg/g was recorded. Values for ammonia nitrogen were most commonly in the range of 0-3 µg/g . Under the growing crop, mineral nitrogen declined for most depths in the period from planting up to September or October, after which there was little further change to harvest. Uptake of mineral nitrogen was normally greatest from the surface 2 ft of soil. Below 3 ft there were two groups of sites. One group showed moderate to high uptake and the second group low uptake. The low uptake in the latter group provides a reason for mineral nitrogen accumulation below 3 ft at some sites. Mineral nitrogen to 4 ft at planting averaged 126 lb/ac, excluding the one site with exceptionally high values. This was double the mean value of 63 lb/ac for nitrogen recovered in grain and straw, for crops planted in May-June. These figures, combined with trends in the soil under crop, suggest that most of the nitrogen used by the crop was derived from that in the soil at planting. Correlations between mineral nitrogen at planting and grain yield were mostly non-significant, suggesting that in general nitrogen was not an important factor limiting yield. Low grain yield and protein percentage were recorded at a number of sites which had been cultivated more than 50 years.

scholarly journals III. On the uneliminated instrumental error in the observations of magnetic dip

1869 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 427-429
Keyword(s):  
Mean Value ◽  
Usual Method ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Single Reading ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Number Of Passes ◽  
Source Of Error ◽  
Complete Observation

A single reading of one end of a dipping-needle placed in a dip-circle provided with microscopes for observing is liable to a variety of instrumental errors, which are eliminated by taking the mean of the sixteen readings of the two ends in the eight different positions included in a complete observation. Nevertheless it is found that with the best modern instruments a mean value results from these sixteen observations different for each different needle, and that the difference between the results obtained with two different needles is not the same at all times. The irregularities in the values of the dip observed at Bombay with two needles of excellent character made by Barrow of London, led the author to investigate the effect of a hypothetical irregularity in the shape of the axle of the needle, such that a section of the axle by a plane perpendicular to its axis would be elliptical instead of circular in form. Another source of error, which was brought to the notice of the Royal Society many years ago in a paper published in the Proceedings, is the displacement of the centre of gravity of the needle from the centre of the axle, combined with inequality in the magnetization of the needle when the poles are direct and reversed. Experience has led the author to the conclusion that the usual method of magnetization, by a definite number of passes of the same pair of bar-magnets, communicates magnetism to the needle very unequally when the one end of the needle is made north and when the other end is made north. Consequently it is advisable to investigate the effects of ellipticity of the axle and of displacement of the centre of gravity at the same time, which the author proceeds to do.

scholarly journals Consumers' willingness to pay for ethical attributes

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 706-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Wei Mai
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Purchase Decision ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Additional Value

Purpose – In recent years, there has been a big increase in the use of ethical attributes as marketing appeals. The purpose of this paper is to examine consumers’ willingness to pay for three selected ethical attributes, namely “Organic”, “Recyclable Packaging” and “Fairtrade” in monetary terms. Design/methodology/approach – A modified choice-based experimental design with manipulation of the key constructs was used to estimate the mean value of how much consumers are willing to pay for the selected attributes attached to a box of premium chocolates. The results are based on the responses of a total of 208 consumers. Findings – Of the three attributes, “Recyclable Packaging” has the strongest influence on the purchase decision, although this attribute generates the least additional value. The aggregated result shows that although consumers are willing to pay more for the product with ethical attributes than the one that is without, still around a half of them are not willing to pay more. In terms of demographics, the results show no significant differences between the two genders or different age groups in their willingness to pay for ethical attributes. As might be expected, willingness to pay was correlated with the level of consciousness of the ethical attributes. Originality/value – The findings of this study help management to think practically about the value consumers willing to pay for the selected attributes. The results show a significant synergy in a combination of ethical attributes in products.

scholarly journals Research on Intelligent Compaction Technology of Subgrade Based on Regression Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ziyi Hou ◽  
Xiao Dang ◽  
Yezhen Yuan ◽  
Bo Tian ◽  
Sili Li
Keyword(s):  
Resilient Modulus ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Intelligent Compaction ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Remote Monitoring System ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Compaction Degree

A remote monitoring system with the intelligent compaction index CMV as the core is designed and developed to address the shortcomings of traditional subgrade compaction quality evaluation methods. Based on the actual project, the correlation between the CMV and conventional compaction indexes of compaction degree K and dynamic resilient modulus E is investigated by applying the one-dimensional linear regression equation for three types of subgrade fillers, clayey gravel, pulverized gravel, and soil-rock mixed fill, and the scheme of fitting CMV to the mean value of conventional indexes is adopted, which is compared with the scheme of fitting CMV to the single point of conventional indexes in the existing specification. The test results show that the correlation between the CMV and conventional indexes of clayey gravel and pulverized gravel is much stronger than that of soil-rock mixed subgrades, and the correlation coefficient can be significantly improved by fitting CMV to the mean of conventional indexes compared with single-point fitting, which can be considered as a new method for intelligent rolling correlation verification.

Laser nephelometry and radial immunodiffusion compared for immunoglobulin quantification in pathological sera.

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Cloppet ◽  
A Francina ◽  
H Coquelin ◽  
Y Boucaud-Maître ◽  
P Hutinel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Radial Immunodiffusion ◽  
Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis ◽  
Immunoglobulin Class ◽  
Monoclonal Gammopathies ◽  
Laser Nephelometry ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Good For ◽  
The One

Abstract We evaluated nephelometers from Behring, Hyland, and Beckman for IgG, IgA, and IgM quantitation in sera from patients with monoclonal gammopathies. The intra-batch precision of each instrument for each immunoglobulin class and for different concentrations of the same immunoglobulin was compared to the one obtained with the radial immunodiffusion method. No nephelometer showed a clearly better precision. The correlation with cellulose acetate electrophoresis was good for each of the three nephelometers. The mean value by the radial immunodiffusion method was higher than corresponding determinations by nephelometry.

scholarly journals Intra-line and inter-line genetic diversity in sire lines of the Old Kladruber horse based on microsatellite analysis of DNA

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 163-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Vostrý ◽  
O. Kracíková ◽  
B. Hofmanová ◽  
V. Czerneková ◽  
T. Kott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Genetic Difference ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Pedigree Information ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Coefficient Of Relationship

The Old Kladruber horse is the oldest original Czech horse breed &ndash; gene resource, with pedigree records spanning three centuries. Because the population is closed, there is a concern about the loss of genetic variation. The genetic diversity within and amongst sire lines was evaluated using microsatellite markers and based on pedigree information. The DNA analysis, covering 16 microsatellite loci, revealed that the genetic diversity (observed heterozygosity = 0.637, genetic diversity = 0.678 and the mean number of alleles = 8.25) for the Old Kladruber horse is consistent with other populations of horses. Inter-line genetic difference in sire lines reached the mean value (the F<sub>ST</sub> values ranged from 0.020 to 0.017). Differences amongst the sire lines were identified using genetic distances and principal component analysis. One gene cluster comprised black variation sire lines, while the second cluster included the sire lines of the grey variation. In the subjects monitored, the average inbreeding coefficient of 0.076 was estimated on the basis of pedigree information. The highest mean values of the coefficient of relationship were estimated within the colour variations. When comparing the genetic distance and the average coefficient of relationship, differences were found out. These results are useful for the development of breeding strategies which consider classical horse breeding as well as recent achievements of population and conservation genetics.

scholarly journals Accuracy of the One-Stage and Two-Stage Impression Techniques: A Comparative Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ladan Jamshidy ◽  
Hamid Reza Mozaffari ◽  
Payam Faraji ◽  
Roohollah Sharifi
Keyword(s):  
Standard Method ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Marginal Gap ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Finish Line ◽  
One Stage ◽  
Impression Technique ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One

Introduction. One of the main steps of impression is the selection and preparation of an appropriate tray. Hence, the present study aimed to analyze and compare the accuracy of one- and two-stage impression techniques. Materials and Methods. A resin laboratory-made model, as the first molar, was prepared by standard method for full crowns with processed preparation finish line of 1 mm depth and convergence angle of 3-4°. Impression was made 20 times with one-stage technique and 20 times with two-stage technique using an appropriate tray. To measure the marginal gap, the distance between the restoration margin and preparation finish line of plaster dies was vertically determined in mid mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual (MDBL) regions by a stereomicroscope using a standard method. Results. The results of independent test showed that the mean value of the marginal gap obtained by one-stage impression technique was higher than that of two-stage impression technique. Further, there was no significant difference between one- and two-stage impression techniques in mid buccal region, but a significant difference was reported between the two impression techniques in MDL regions and in general. Conclusion. The findings of the present study indicated higher accuracy for two-stage impression technique than for the one-stage impression technique.

Pcbs in Soils around an Old Electric Transformer Factory in North China

2014 ◽  
Vol 587-589 ◽  
pp. 550-553
Author(s):  
Zhi Yong Li ◽  
Lan Chen ◽  
Yu Heng Quan ◽  
Yan Song
Keyword(s):  
North China ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Transformer Oil ◽  
Total Pcbs ◽  
Pcb Congeners ◽  
Transformer Oils ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Compositional Patterns

The 28 surface soil samples (0-10 cm) were collected from the urban area of Baoding city nearby an old electric transformer factory for analysis of 84 PCB congeners. Total PCBs concentrations ranged from 0.69 to 11.15 ng/g (mean: 3.62 ng/g). The PCBs concentration (5.72 ng/g) for sampling sites in the vicinity (0-2.5 km) of the transformer factory was higher than that (2.96 ng/g) for other sampling sites. Compositional patterns of individual congener and homologs were similar to those of Chinese transformer oils. The top five congeners were PCB-6, 18, 22, 33 and 31/28 among the identified PCBs. Low chlorinated PCBs (di-to tetra-CBs) accounted for 69.58% of total PCBs concentrations and the predominant PCB homologs were tri-CBs (46.38%), penta-CBs (13.73%) and di-CBs (9.47%), respectively. Principal component analysis showed that technical formulations such as Chinese transformer oil, Aroclor1242, 1016, KC-300 and A-30 were the main sources of soils PCBs from Baoding city. The TEQ concentrations based on ten dioxin-like PCBs ranged from 0 to 26.0986 ng/kg with the mean value as 7.3336 ng/kg.

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