scholarly journals III. On the uneliminated instrumental error in the observations of magnetic dip

1869 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 427-429
Keyword(s):  
Mean Value ◽  
Usual Method ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Single Reading ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Number Of Passes ◽  
Source Of Error ◽  
Complete Observation

A single reading of one end of a dipping-needle placed in a dip-circle provided with microscopes for observing is liable to a variety of instrumental errors, which are eliminated by taking the mean of the sixteen readings of the two ends in the eight different positions included in a complete observation. Nevertheless it is found that with the best modern instruments a mean value results from these sixteen observations different for each different needle, and that the difference between the results obtained with two different needles is not the same at all times. The irregularities in the values of the dip observed at Bombay with two needles of excellent character made by Barrow of London, led the author to investigate the effect of a hypothetical irregularity in the shape of the axle of the needle, such that a section of the axle by a plane perpendicular to its axis would be elliptical instead of circular in form. Another source of error, which was brought to the notice of the Royal Society many years ago in a paper published in the Proceedings, is the displacement of the centre of gravity of the needle from the centre of the axle, combined with inequality in the magnetization of the needle when the poles are direct and reversed. Experience has led the author to the conclusion that the usual method of magnetization, by a definite number of passes of the same pair of bar-magnets, communicates magnetism to the needle very unequally when the one end of the needle is made north and when the other end is made north. Consequently it is advisable to investigate the effects of ellipticity of the axle and of displacement of the centre of gravity at the same time, which the author proceeds to do.

Seasonal trends in the stable isotopic composition of snow and meltwater runoff in a subarctic catchment at Okstindan, Norway

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D. Gurney ◽  
D.S.L. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Stable Isotopic Composition ◽  
Meltwater Runoff ◽  
Stable Isotopic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Δ18o And Δd

Seasonal variations in the stable isotopic composition of snow and meltwater were investigated in a sub-arctic, mountainous, but non-glacial, catchment at Okstindan in northern Norway based on analyses of δ18O and δD. Samples were collected during four field periods (August 1998; April 1999; June 1999 and August 1999) at three sites lying on an altitudinal transect (740–970 m a.s.l.). Snowpack data display an increase in the mean values of δ18O (increasing from a mean value of −13.51 to −11.49‰ between April and August), as well as a decrease in variability through the melt period. Comparison with a regional meteoric water line indicates that the slope of the δ18O–δD line for the snowpacks decreases over the same period, dropping from 7.49 to approximately 6.2.This change points to the role of evaporation in snowpack ablation and is confirmed by the vertical profile of deuterium excess. Snowpack seepage data, although limited, also suggest reduced values of δD, as might be associated with local evaporation during meltwater generation. In general, meltwaters were depleted in δ18O relative to the source snowpack at the peak of the melt (June), but later in the year (August) the difference between the two was not statistically significant. The diurnal pattern of isotopic composition indicates that the most depleted meltwaters coincide with the peak in temperature and, hence, meltwater production.

scholarly journals Switch Strategy from Direct Aspiration First Pass Technique to Solumbra Improves Technical Outcome in Endovascularly Treated Stroke

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2670
Author(s):  
Enrico Pampana ◽  
Sebastiano Fabiano ◽  
Gianluca De Rubeis ◽  
Luca Bertaccini ◽  
Alessandro Stasolla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Added Value ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
First Line ◽  
Anterior Circulation ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Procedural Time ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Number Of Passes ◽  
Switch Strategy

Background: The major endovascular mechanic thrombectomy (MT) techniques are: Stent-Retriever (SR), aspiration first pass technique (ADAPT) and Solumbra (Aspiration + SR), which are interchangeable (defined as switching strategy (SS)). The purpose of this study is to report the added value of switching from ADAPT to Solumbra in unsuccessful revascularization stroke patients. Methods: This is a retrospective, single center, pragmatic, cohort study. From December 2017 to November 2019, 935 consecutive patients were admitted to the Stroke Unit and 176/935 (18.8%) were eligible for MT. In 135/176 (76.7%) patients, ADAPT was used as the first-line strategy. SS was defined as the difference between first technique adopted and the final technique. Revascularization was evaluated with modified Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction (TICI) with success defined as mTICI ≥ 2b. Procedural time (PT) and time to reperfusion (TTR) were recorded. Results: Stroke involved: Anterior circulation in 121/135 (89.6%) patients and posterior circulation in 14/135 (10.4%) patients. ADAPT was the most common first-line technique vs. both SR and Solumbra (135/176 (76.7%) vs. 10/176 (5.7%) vs. 31/176 (17.6%), respectively). In 28/135 (20.7%) patients, the mTICI was ≤ 2a requiring switch to Solumbra. The vessel’s diameter positively predicted SS result (odd ratio (OR) 1.12, confidence of interval (CI) 95% 1.03–1.22; p = 0.006). The mean number of passes before SS was 2.0 ± 1.2. ADAPT to Solumbra improved successful revascularization by 13.3% (107/135 (79.3%) vs. 125/135 (92.6%)). PT was superior for SS comparing with ADAPT (71.1 min (CI 95% 53.2–109.0) vs. 40.0 min (CI 95% 35.0–45.2); p = 0.0004), although, TTR was similar (324.1 min (CI 95% 311.4–387.0) vs. 311.4 min (CI 95% 285.5–338.7); p = 0.23). Conclusion: Successful revascularization was improved by 13.3% after switching form ADAPT to Solumbra (final mTICI ≥ 2b was 92.6%). Vessel’s diameter positively predicted recourse to SS.

scholarly journals Implications of the Regional Earthquake Likelihood Models test of earthquake forecasts in California

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Karl Sachs ◽  
Ya-Ting Lee ◽  
Donald Turcotte ◽  
James R. Holliday ◽  
John B. Rundle
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Probability ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Test Area ◽  
Test Period ◽  
Future Earthquake ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Earthquake Likelihood Models ◽  
Regional Earthquake

The Regional Earthquake Likelihood Models (RELM) test was the first competitive comparison of prospective earthquake forecasts. The test was carried out over 5 years from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2010 over a region that included all of California. The test area was divided into 7682 0.1°x0.1° spatial cells. Each submitted forecast gave the predicted numbers of earthquakes <em>N<sub>emi</sub></em> larger than <em>M</em>=4.95 in 0.1 magnitude bins for each cell. In this paper we present a method that separates the forecast of the number of test earthquakes from the forecast of their locations. We first obtain the number <em>N<sub>em</sub></em> of forecast earthquakes in magnitude bin <em>m</em>. We then determine the conditional probability <em>λ<sub>emi</sub></em>=<em>N<sub>emi</sub>/</em><em>N<sub>em</sub></em> that an earthquake in magnitude bin <em>m</em> will occur in cell <em>i</em>. The summation of <em>λ<sub>emi</sub></em> over all 7682 cells is unity. A random (no skill) forecast gives equal values of <em>λ<sub>emi</sub></em> for all spatial cells and magnitude bins. The <em>skill</em> of a forecast, in terms of the location of the earthquakes, is measured by the success in assigning large values of <em>λ<sub>emi</sub></em> to the cells in which earthquakes occur and low values of <em>λ<sub>emi</sub></em> to the cells where earthquakes do not occur. Thirty-one test earthquakes occurred in 27 different combinations of spatial cells <em>i</em> and magnitude bins <em>m</em>, we had the highest value of <em>λ<sub>emi</sub></em> for that <em>mi</em> cell. We evaluate the performance of eleven submitted forecasts in two ways. First, we determine the number of <em>mi</em> cells for which the forecast <em>λ<sub>emi</sub></em> was the largest, the best forecast is the one with the highest number. Second, we determine the mean value of <em>λ<sub>emi</sub></em> for the 27 <em>mi</em> cells for each forecast. The best forecast has the highest mean value of <em>λ<sub>emi</sub></em>. The success of a forecast during the test period is dependent on the allocation of the probabilities λemi between the mi cells, since the sum over the mi cells is unity. We illustrate the forecast distributions of <em>λ<sub>emi</sub></em> and discuss their differences. We conclude that the RELM test was successful in illustrating the choices required when a forecast of the location of a future earthquake is made.

scholarly journals Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve as a Donor Source for Digital Nerve Grafting: A Concept Revisited

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1041-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Bekir Unal ◽  
Kemal Gokkus ◽  
Evrim Sirin ◽  
Eren Cansü
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Cutaneous Nerve ◽  
Digital Nerve ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Nerve Grafts ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Time

Objective: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the availability of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (LACN) autograft for acute or delayed repair of segmented digital nerve injuries. Patients and Methods: 13 digital nerve defects of 11 patients; treated with interposition of LACN graft that harvested from ipsilateral extremity were included in the study. Mean follow up period was 35, 7 months. The mean time from injury to grafting is 53, 3 days. The results of the mean 2PDT and SWMT values of injured /uninjured finger at the end of follow up period were evaluated with Paired T test. The correlation between the defect length and the difference of 2PDT, SWMT values between the uninjured and injured finger at the end of follow up period; were evaluated with Pearson - correlation analysis. Results: The mean value of our 2PDT and SWMT results are ~5,923, ~3, 52, respectively in which can be interpreted between the normal and diminished light touch. The defect length and difference percentage of SWMT values is positively and significantly correlated statistically. Mean length of interposed nerve grafts was 18.5 mm. The age of the patient and the mean values of 2PDT and SWMT with the difference % of 2PDT and % of SWMT are not statistically correlated. Conclusion: Based on results regarding sensory regaining at recipient side and negligible sensory deficit at harvesting side, we suggest that lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve might be a valuable graft option for digital nerve defects.

scholarly journals Retinomotor movements in the Antarctic fish Trematomus newnesi Boulenger submitted to different environmental light conditions

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucélia Donatti ◽  
Edith Fanta
Keyword(s):  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Antarctic Fish ◽  
Constant Darkness ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Environmental Light ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Antarctic

The Antarctic fish Trematomus newnesi (Boulenger, 1902) occurs from benthic to pelagic habitats, in seasonally and daily varied photic conditions that induce retinomotor movements. Fish were experimentally kept under constant darkness or light, and 12Light/12Dark for seven days. The retinomotor movement of the pigment epithelium was established through the pigment index, while that of the cones was calculated as the length of the myoid. The retinomotor movement of the pigment epithelium in T.newnesi,revealed that the adaptation to constant light occurred in the one hour of exposure, remaining constant for the next seven days. However, the adaptation to constant darkness, was slower. The difference between the mean values of the pigment indices in the time intervals of sampling was significant in the first hours of the experiment, and only after six hours they were not significant any more. The myoid of cones became elongated in darkness and contracted in light. In the experiments where T.newnesiwas exposed initially to 12 hours light followed by 12 hours darkness 12 was evidenced that the speed and intensity of the retinomotor movements was higher when darkness changed into light, than when light changed into darkness.

scholarly journals True and Pseudo Cholinesterase levels in short and long-term of pesticides exposures

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
Mohammed Abdul Rahman ◽  
Raghunatha Rao D ◽  
Vasantha L
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Acute Poisoning ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Serum Cholinesterase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Chronic Poisoning ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control

The present study is aimed to study and analyze the true and pseudo Cholinesterase levels in the subjects exposed to pesticides during short term by intentional or accidental intake and long term exposure due to their occupation were studied at Department of Biochemistry, SVS medical college and hospital mahbubnagar district. Whole blood cholinesterase levels and Pseudo cholinesterase levels were estimated. 150 people were taken as controls who had no medical illness and a total number of 300 cases of pesticide poisoning were selected, aged between 20 to 55 years, which consist of 150 acute poisoning and 150 chronic poisoning subjects in Mahbubnagar district, were taken as case study, the detailed case history and the type of organophosphorus pesticide taken were recorded. Mean and standard deviation (S.D) of all variables were calculated and compared with those of controls. Statistical significance was assessed and P-value <0.05 were considered significant.           During acute poisoning the mean value of Whole blood cholinesterase/True cholinesterase (U / L) in acute poisoning cases on first day was 1.267± 0.612 on 3th day was 1.651±0.647, on 7th day was 2.221±0.684 and at the end of 6 months was 3.970±0.404.The difference between the study group and control group (4.0 ± 0.39) was found to be statistically significant in1st, 3rd, 7th day but not significant at the end of 6 months. The mean value of serum cholinesterase/pseudo cholinesterase (U/L) in acute poisoning cases on first day was 2213.05 ± 1749.81, on 3th day was 2862.3 ± 2025.6, on 7th day was 4008.4 ± 2355.9 and at the end of 6 months was 7708.34 ± 880.72.The difference between the study group and control group (7991.97 ± 1276.5) was found to be statistically significant in1st, 3rd, 7th day but not significant at the end of 6 months. During chronic poisoning (exposure) the mean value of Whole blood cholinesterase (U/L) in controls is 4.0 ± 0.39 as compared to 3.019 ± 0.848 in cases of chronic poisoning. The difference between the study group and control group was found to be statistically significant. The mean value of serum cholinesterase/pseudo cholinesterase (U/L) in controls was 7991.97 ± 1276.5 as compared to 6214 ± 1189 in cases of chronic poisoning. The difference between the study group and control group was found to be statistically significant.

The Effect of Waking Suggestion on Post-Hypnotic Amnesia

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.P. Fourie
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hypnotic Susceptibility ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Female Subjects

It is increasingly realized that hypnosis may be seen from an interpersonal point of view, meaning that it forms part of the relationship between the hypnotist and the subject. From this premise it follows that what goes on in the relationship prior to hypnosis probably has an influence on the hypnosis. Certain of these prior occurences can then be seen as waking suggestionns (however implicitly given) that the subject should behave in a certain way with regard to the subsequent hypnosis. A study was conducted to test the hypothesis that waking suggestions regarding post-hypnotic amnesia are effective. Eighteen female subjects were randomly divided into two groups. The groups listened to a tape-recorded talk on hypnosis in which for the one group amnesia for the subsequent hypnotic experience and for the other group no such amnesia was suggested. Thereafter the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale was administered to all subjects. Only the interrogation part of the amnesia item of the scale was administered. The subjects to whom post-hypnotic amnesia was suggested tended to score lower on the amnesia item than the other subjects, as was expected, but the difference between the mean amnesia scores of the two groups was not significant.

Fertility investigations on the black earth wheatlands of the Darling Downs, Queensland. III. Mineral nitrogen in the soil and its relation to the wheat crop

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Waring ◽  
LJH Teakle
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Growing Crop

The level of mineral nitrogen in the soil under fallow and crop was measured for the years 1951 to 1953. Relationships of mineral nitrogen at planting to yield and nitrogen content of wheat grain and straw were examined. Values for nitrate nitrogen at the end of the fallow period ranged most commonly from 10 to 20 µg/g in the surface 2 ft and from 0 to 10 µg/g at 2-4 ft. Approximately one-third of the sites showed an increase from the third to the fourth foot. One site showed extremely high values throughout the profile, particularly at 3-4 ft where a value of 127 µg/g was recorded. Values for ammonia nitrogen were most commonly in the range of 0-3 µg/g . Under the growing crop, mineral nitrogen declined for most depths in the period from planting up to September or October, after which there was little further change to harvest. Uptake of mineral nitrogen was normally greatest from the surface 2 ft of soil. Below 3 ft there were two groups of sites. One group showed moderate to high uptake and the second group low uptake. The low uptake in the latter group provides a reason for mineral nitrogen accumulation below 3 ft at some sites. Mineral nitrogen to 4 ft at planting averaged 126 lb/ac, excluding the one site with exceptionally high values. This was double the mean value of 63 lb/ac for nitrogen recovered in grain and straw, for crops planted in May-June. These figures, combined with trends in the soil under crop, suggest that most of the nitrogen used by the crop was derived from that in the soil at planting. Correlations between mineral nitrogen at planting and grain yield were mostly non-significant, suggesting that in general nitrogen was not an important factor limiting yield. Low grain yield and protein percentage were recorded at a number of sites which had been cultivated more than 50 years.

scholarly journals Consumers' willingness to pay for ethical attributes

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 706-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-Wei Mai
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Purchase Decision ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Additional Value

Purpose – In recent years, there has been a big increase in the use of ethical attributes as marketing appeals. The purpose of this paper is to examine consumers’ willingness to pay for three selected ethical attributes, namely “Organic”, “Recyclable Packaging” and “Fairtrade” in monetary terms. Design/methodology/approach – A modified choice-based experimental design with manipulation of the key constructs was used to estimate the mean value of how much consumers are willing to pay for the selected attributes attached to a box of premium chocolates. The results are based on the responses of a total of 208 consumers. Findings – Of the three attributes, “Recyclable Packaging” has the strongest influence on the purchase decision, although this attribute generates the least additional value. The aggregated result shows that although consumers are willing to pay more for the product with ethical attributes than the one that is without, still around a half of them are not willing to pay more. In terms of demographics, the results show no significant differences between the two genders or different age groups in their willingness to pay for ethical attributes. As might be expected, willingness to pay was correlated with the level of consciousness of the ethical attributes. Originality/value – The findings of this study help management to think practically about the value consumers willing to pay for the selected attributes. The results show a significant synergy in a combination of ethical attributes in products.

On the capture of interstellar matter by stars

1940 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. d'E. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Radial Velocity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interstellar Matter ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Compelling Reason ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Capture Radius

The derivation given by Hoyle and Lyttleton for an accretion formula proposed by them is examined. A number of arguments against its validity are put forward, especially that on the one hand their capture radius depends on the theorem that if the velocity of certain masses of gas after collision is less than the velocity of escape at the point, they will not in fact escape, while on the other hand it is clear (and is now admitted) that the gas cannot in fact move with this velocity at all. It is also shown that since, ex hypothesi, the individual molecules will all, on the average, retain their hyperbolic velocities, there is not the compelling reason for their capture that there appeared to be in Hoyle and Lyttleton's argument, where only the mean radial velocity of the centre of gravity of the mass was considered. Further, it seems improbable that the temperature of the interstellar matter can be low enough for the initial assumptions of their theory to hold.

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