Strategy to Decrease the Angle Measurement Error Introduced by the Use of Circular Grating in Dynamic Torque Calibration

A circular grating angle encoder is a key component in the dynamic torque calibration system. To improve the accuracy of an angle measurement, in this paper, the source of the angle measurement error of the circular grating is analyzed; an eccentricity error model and an inclination error model are proposed, respectively; further, these two models are combined to establish a total error model. Through the simulation study with the models, the conditions, in which the eccentricity error or inclination error can be ignored, are discussed. The calibration and compensation methods of the angle measurement error are given, and a progressive error compensation function which integrates the first harmonic fitting and the second harmonic fitting is obtained. An experiment is performed to verify the proposed calibration and compensation methods. The peak-to-peak value of the compensated angle measurement error of the single reading head can be reduced by about 93.76%, which approximates to the error of the mean value of the double reading heads. The experimental results show that the error calibration and compensation method based on the proposed error model can effectively compensate the angle measurement error of the circular grating with a single reading head, and obtain a high-precision measurement angle.

The Concept of Implementation of Multifrequency RFID System Industrial Involvement in Laboratory Conditions

People have been dealing with the correct identification of objects for a long time. In industry, we cannot avoid this area, whether it is to identify people, semi-finished products or final products. Therefore, this article deals with the design of a multifrequency RFID system for industry 4.0. The idea of the article is to implement one type of identification technology for tracking objects using the radio frequency spectrum at different wavelengths. We have based our design on the built industrial-assembly line in the SmartTechLab laboratory, where we have implemented LF, HF and UHF systems connected by an industrial PLC into a complex system. In this article, we gradually focus on the selection of RFID systems, their cooperation and the design of connection to one portable box. Using an RFID box, we can monitor different types of objects and verify RFID reading using a single reading device or by creating portal RFID gateways. The implemented system consists of four middleware and four independent antennas that can cooperate. For proper operation, there is necessary implement not only hardware but also necessary software. The system can identify RFID tags in the range of 1 cm to several meters. Also, the advantage of the design is that it identifies all types of tags (industry, label, ceramic, laundry, paper). One of the main benefits of the design is modularity, mobility and the creation of a robust design that can be used for measurements in companies and also for educating students in laboratory conditions. The whole system is designed to meet the requirements of Industry 4.0 and improve the competitiveness of businesses.

Humans and machines in biomedical knowledge curation: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy molecular mechanisms’ representation

Background Biomedical knowledge is dispersed in scientific literature and is growing constantly. Curation is the extraction of knowledge from unstructured data into a computable form and could be done manually or automatically. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited cardiac disease, with genotype–phenotype associations still incompletely understood. We compared human- and machine-curated HCM molecular mechanisms’ models and examined the performance of different machine approaches for that task. Results We created six models representing HCM molecular mechanisms using different approaches and made them publicly available, analyzed them as networks, and tried to explain the models’ differences by the analysis of factors that affect the quality of machine-curated models (query constraints and reading systems’ performance). A result of this work is also the Interactive HCM map, the only publicly available knowledge resource dedicated to HCM. Sizes and topological parameters of the networks differed notably, and a low consensus was found in terms of centrality measures between networks. Consensus about the most important nodes was achieved only with respect to one element (calcium). Models with a reduced level of noise were generated and cooperatively working elements were detected. REACH and TRIPS reading systems showed much higher accuracy than Sparser, but at the cost of extraction performance. TRIPS proved to be the best single reading system for text segments about HCM, in terms of the compromise between accuracy and extraction performance. Conclusions Different approaches in curation can produce models of the same disease with diverse characteristics, and they give rise to utterly different conclusions in subsequent analysis. The final purpose of the model should direct the choice of curation techniques. Manual curation represents the gold standard for information extraction in biomedical research and is most suitable when only high-quality elements for models are required. Automated curation provides more substance, but high level of noise is expected. Different curation strategies can reduce the level of human input needed. Biomedical knowledge would benefit overwhelmingly, especially as to its rapid growth, if computers were to be able to assist in analysis on a larger scale.

Investigating the Experience of Boredom During Reading Sessions in the Foreign Language Classroom

Despite the fact that boredom appears to be one of the most commonly experienced emotions in school settings, this negative emotion remains vastly underappreciated in the field of SLA. This is the gap this article seeks to rectify by reporting the findings of a classroom-based study whose purpose was to investigate changes in the experience of boredom in an English language classroom during reading sessions. The sample consisted of 18 second-year students studying English at a Polish high school. The data were collected by means of session logs, observations and reading session plans. The gathered data were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. The findings showed that the participants reported different levels of boredom over the course of single reading sessions and from one session to the next. Factors responsible for the detected variation in the levels of boredom were related, among other things, to inactivity, performance of too easy/difficult tasks, teacher’s decisions regarding choice and use of language materials, the design of the reading sessions or individual characteristics of the learner.

Questioning the Efficacy of Reading Storybooks to Very Young Japanese EFL Learners: A Vocabulary Study

This study is concerned with vocabulary acquisition from reading ‘authentic’ English storybooks to very young Japanese children in an immersion EFL setting. 26 children took part in a quasi-experimental study which examined two reading techniques. A multiple readings condition offered three verbatim readings of three different storybooks (nine readings in total), whereas the second condition added brief L2 explanations of target words within a single reading of each book (three readings in total). Prior vocabulary in L2 (English) was also measured to evaluate its effect on word learning. A post-treatment target word vocabulary test was conducted to assess for acquisition. The results of the study show that neither reading condition resulted in significant effects with regard to word learning. The effect of prior vocabulary (both L1 and L2), however, was significant, and implications for educators working with children in this age group are discussed. 本研究は、イマージョン型のEFL環境における、「本物の」英語の童話を使った読み聞かせによる日本人児童の語彙習得に関するものである。26人の児童が実験に参加し、2つの異なるリーディング手法について調査した。一つのグループには、３つの異なる童話を３回ずつ逐語的に繰り返し読み聞かせ（合計９回）、もう一つのグループには、各童話の対象となる単語の簡潔な説明をL2 （英語）で行った上で一回ずつ読み聞かせた（合計３回）。さらに、L2（英語）の事前語彙知識を測定し、単語学習効果を検証した。どれくらい習得したか評価するために対象となる単語の事後テストを行った。本研究の結果は、どちらのリーディング手法も単語学習には有意な効果をもたらさなかったことを示している。しかしながら、事前語彙知識（L1とL2の両方）の

The Use of Sarum and Other Liturgical Uses in Later Medieval Britain

If the late medieval liturgy could be characterized by anything, it was diversity of practice from one place of worship to another, not only in the texts and music used in the services, but also in other areas, including the observance of saints’ days and of special practices with local traditions as well as in the patterns of ritual action that accompanied them. Each pattern of text, music, and ritual is most frequently called a liturgical “use” (from Lat. usus, i.e., “custom”). In medieval England, the most famous of these uses were “Sarum” or Salisbury Use, so called from its emanation from Salisbury Cathedral, and the Use of York, which derived from the practices of York Minster. Both came to be used, on an increasing basis, in their local area and were then adopted on a large scale in the southern and northern ecclesiastical provinces, respectively. These so-called secular Uses (as distinct from the liturgical patterns of monastic or conventual institutions) all stood within the Latin Rite, but they could be distinguished from one another by particular details of ritual and, more noticeably in their written witnesses, by the choice and order of the texts and chants of the Mass and Divine Office. By the turn of the 16th century, the uses of Sarum and York held a near monopoly on the secular English liturgy; by contrast, nearly every diocese on the Continent had its own Use, while other institutions adopted the Use of the Roman Curia. This article includes some of the historical scholarly efforts that have laid the groundwork for further research. Some of these are included for historiographical interest, especially to reflect on the long-held belief in the textual and musical fixity of English liturgical books, which has inevitably led to misconceptions about the ways that modern resources can be used. Catalogues and secondary sources tend, for instance, to use unrepresentative modern editions of liturgical texts and music (often really transcriptions of a single source) with the result that a single reading becomes normative. More recent investigations suggest a more complex textual and musical picture than philology can readily reveal. This bibliography is replete with references that seek to explore the variation in written witnesses, and other witnesses to practice, in order to illustrate the diversity of practice in worship and the richness of liturgical influence on the rest of intellectual activity in the Middle Ages.

Retrospective comparison between single reading plus an artificial intelligence algorithm and two-view digital tomosynthesis with double reading in breast screening

Objective To examine the breast cancer detection rate by single reading of an experienced radiologist supported by an artificial intelligence (AI) system, and compare with two-dimensional full-field digital mammography (2D-FFDM) double reading. Materials and methods Images (3D-tomosynthesis) of 161 biopsy-proven cancers were re-read by the AI algorithm and compared to the results of first human reader, second human reader and consensus following double reading in screening. Detection was assessed in subgroups by tumour type, breast density and grade, and at two operating points, referred to as a lower and a higher sensitivity threshold. Results The AI algorithm method gave similar results to double-reading 2D-FFDM, and the detection rate was significantly higher compared to single-reading 2D-FFDM. At the lower sensitivity threshold, the algorithm was significantly more sensitive than reader A (97.5% vs. 89.4%, p = 0.02), non-significantly more sensitive than reader B (97.5% vs. 94.4%, p = 0.2) and non-significantly less sensitive than the consensus from double reading (97.5% vs. 99.4%, p = 0.2). At the higher sensitivity threshold, the algorithm was significantly more sensitive than reader A (99.4% vs. 89.4%, p < 0.001) and reader B (99.4% vs. 94.4%, p = 0.02) and identical to the consensus sensitivity (99.7% in both cases, p = 1.0). There were no significant differences in the detection capability of the AI system by tumour type, grading and density. Conclusion In this proof of principle study, we show that sensitivity using single reading with a suitable AI algorithm is non-inferior to that of standard of care using 2D mammography with double reading, when tomosynthesis is the primary screening examination.

Sensor Validation for Indoor Air Quality using Machine Learning

To guarantee a high indoor air quality is an increasingly important task. Sensors measure pollutants in the air and allow for monitoring and controlling air quality. However, all sensors are susceptible to failures, either permanent or transitory, that can yield incorrect readings. Automatically detecting such faulty readings is therefore crucial to guarantee sensors' reliability. In this paper we evaluate three Machine Learning algorithms applied to the task of classifying a single reading from a sensor as faulty or not, comparing them to standard statistical approaches. We show that all tested machine learning methods -- Multi-layer Perceptron, K-Nearest Neighbor and Random Forest -- outperform their statistical counterparts, both by allowing better separation boundaries and by allowing for the use of contextual information. We further show that this result does not depend on the amount of data, but ML methods are able to continue to improve as more data is made available.

The Effect of Structure on the Memory for Procedural Text

The present study examined how the structure of procedural texts affected recall of those texts. Past research has found that procedural text is comprehended best when readers expend a moderate amount of effort in processing it; the amount of effort may depend on the structure of the procedural text. Sixty-three participants read six procedural texts describing how to construct simple machines. One group of participants read texts that contained a diagram of the object, whereas the other group read texts with no diagram. Two types of texts were presented: Narrative and list-like procedural texts. Results showed that rereading increased recall of the list-like text, but had little effect for the narrative text. The elaboration hypothesis explains the recall differences after a single reading, but it is still unclear why the list-like texts were recalled better than the narrative texts after a second reading.